Cyanamide process

At about the same time that the Birkeland-Eyde process was developed, the Frank-Caro cyanamide process was commercialized (14). In this process limestone is heated to produce lime, which then reacts with carbon in a highly energy-demanding reaction to give calcium carbide. Reaction with N2 gives calcium cyanamide [150-62-7] which hydrolyzes to ammonia and calcium carbonate (see Cyanamides). 

Eng 20, 470-477 (1919) (Description of ammonia oxidation process beginning with Kuhl-mann s method of 1839 and ending with the cyanamide process at Muscle Shoals) 7) C.L. Parsons, 1EC 11,541 (1919) (Oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid as well as the prepn of nitric acid from Chile saltpeter) 8) F.C. Zeis-berg, ChemMetEng 24, 443-45 (1921) (Manuf of nitric acid from Chilean saltpeter brief description) 9) G.B. Taylor, IEC 26,1217-19 (1922) (Some economic aspects of ammonia oxidation) 10) Ministry of Munitions, Manufacture of Nitric Acid from Nitre and Sulfuric Acid , London (1922) (Book No 7 of Technical Records of Explosives Supply, 1915—1919)... 

Frank-Caro Also called the Cyanamide process. An early process for fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Lime and carbon were heated to produce calcium carbide this was reacted with nitrogen to give calcium cyanamide, which was hydrolyzed with steam to yield ammonia and calcium carbonate. Developed by A. Frank and N. Caro from 1895 at Dynamit, Germany, and used in Germany, Norway, and Italy until it was replaced by the Haber-Bosch process after World War I. 

Calcium cyanamid process, for ammonia synthesis, 11 114, 115 Calcium cyanide, 8 194-197 Calcium cyanide diammoniate, 8 195 Calcium dichromate, molecular formula, properties, and uses, 6 561t 5-Calcium disilicate monosulfate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t 5-Calcium disilicate monocarbonate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium disilicide, 4 530 8-Calcium disodium trialuminate, phase in Portland cement clinker, 5 472t Calcium doping, 23 842-844 Calcium P-alumina, 2 406t Calcium ethylenediaminetetraacetate, 7 596t... 

France. See also French Patent Office aquaculture production, 3 189t piezoelectric ceramics research, 1 708 regenerated cellulose fibers in, 11 249 Franck-Condon shift, 22 215 Frank-Caro cyanamide process, 17 292 Frankia species, in nitrogen fixation, 17 299... 

A technical exploitation of these experiments appeared unattractive, until 1909. Other methods of the chemical fixation of nitrogen, particularly the electric arc process for the formation of nitrous oxides (18) and the calcium cyanamide process (19) appeared far superior at that time. 

Before the development of the cyanamide process for the fixation of nitrogen, cyanamide was prepared by the interaction of cyanogen chloride er bromide (from the action of the halogen on potassium cyanide) with ammonia in water or ether solution. 

The cyanamide process has made cyanamide and its derivatives more easily available for commercial synthesis. Coke and limestone are heated together in the electric furnace for the production of calcium carbide. This substance, along with a small amount of calcium chloride which acts as a catalyst, is then heated at 800-1000° in a stream of nitrogen gas. 

Cyanamide process. Although this process employs relatively inexpensive raw materials, it cannot compete with the Haber process under normal conditions. Formation of ammonia by the cyanamide process is based on the reaction between calcium cyanamide and steam ... 

To make calcium cyanamide, atmospheric nitrogen can be fixed by the Frank-Caro or Cyanamide process. This process is based on the fact that metallic carbides, particularly calcium carbide, readily react with nitrogen to form the metal cyanamide. In the first step of this process lime and carbon are heated to produce calcium carbide. Then fairly pure nitrogen reacts with the calcium carbide to form calcium cyanamide ... 

A vast amount of research in all three directions led to commercial processes for each of them the electric arc process, the cyanamid process, and ammonia synthesis, which finally displaced the other two and rendered them obsolete. 

Smaller amounts of ammonia are obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of coke and illuminating gas by the distillation of coal, and are made by the cyanamide process. In the cyanamide process a mixture of lime and coke is heated in an electric furnace, forming calcium acetylide (calcium carbide), CaCg. ... 

Ammonia, ammonium hydroxide, ammonia water (aqua ammonia), ammonium ion, ammonium salts. The Haber process and the cyanamide process of making ammonia. 

The cyanamide process involves the reaction of N gas with calcium carbide at 1100°C to form calcium cyanamide ... 

II, and developments in petrochemical processes. A variation of the American Cyanamid process is operated by BASF5. 

Other commercial processes for nitrogen fixation include the cyanide process [20], in which potassium cyanide is produced by passing nitrogen through a tube containing a red-hot mixture of potash and carbon the cyanamide process [21], in which calcium is heated to about 1000°C under nitrogen to form calcium cyanamide (CaNCN) and the arc process [20] (also known as the Birkeland-Eyde process), in which nitrogen is oxidized... 

Until the end of the nineteenth century, ammonia was produced commercially by the cyanamide process. Calcium carbide (CaC2), nitrogen gas (N2), and steam were reacted with each other to produce ammonia. 

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