Energy demand categories

The results within the impact category GWP illustrate the great influence of both, the supply of chemicals (33% batch and 37% Conti wc, resp.) and the energy demand during synthesis (42% batch and 28% Conti wc, resp.) along the whole process chain. The disposal of the chemical refuse as well has a significant impact (23% both, batch and Conti wc). In the case of the worst-case scenario, the influence of the supply of the reaction device amoimts to 10% (assumed hfe time of the micro-structured devices 1 week) decreasing to 3% in Conti Scl (assumed life time of the micro-structured devices 3 month). 

From this preliminary analysis we see that biomass conversion technologies have the potential to meet the projected rural energy demands in both the subsistence and developmental categories in five out of the six countries. Only in the case of India does there appear to be a relative shortfall and much of that is in the category of liquid fuels. This shortage reflects the fact that the technology we have chosen, methanol from wood, requires an input which is in relatively short supply in India. 

The results of the impact category GWP illustrate the great influence of both the supply of chemicals and the energy demand for synthesis and work-up during the whole process chain (Figure 14.2). 

The energy requirements of each application are strongly connected to the size of the farm, type of activity and degree of automation. The power demand of such applications can vary from 700 W to 40 kW. The autonomous power system supplying an agricultural application should be able to serve heavy electric loads on a daily basis. In some cases, it is useful to split the loads in two categories (loads with continuous use and heavy sporadic use). Furthermore, in most cases the loads have strong seasonal variations of up to 70%. 

The transition to a new energy carrier requires a series of investments and enhancements not only in energy supply and distribution, but also in vehicles and other end-use technologies. This chapter addresses the demand side in three major categories, namely, transportation, stationary power, and industrial uses. Transportation demand scenarios are postulated for the present (i.e., 2002), the near term (2020), and the long term (2050). 

Human-made sources cover a wide spectrum of chemical and physical activities and are the major contributors to urban air pollution. Air pollutants in the United States pour out from over 10 million vehicles, the refuse of approximately 300 million people, the generation of billions of kilowatts of electricity, and the production of innumerable products demanded by everyday living. Hundreds of millions of tons of air pollutants are generated annually in the United States alone. The six pollutants identified in the Clean Air Act are shown in Table 22-14. Annual emission statistics for these six pollutants are considered major indicators of the U.S. air quality. During the 1970 to 2003 period, the total emissions of the six pollutants declined by 51 percent, while at the same time the gross domestic product increased By 176 percent, the population by 39 percent, and energy consumption by 45 percent. Total emissions in the United States are summarized by source category for the year 1998 in Table 22-15. 

The inherent energy content of the cyclopropane ring demands that the method of introduction of a cyclopropyl subunit itself relies either on highly reactive intermediates or on irreversible or energetically, if not entropically, favored processes. Thus the synthesis of cyclopropane derivatives can be classified into three major categories 1,3 bond forming sequences (equation 4) carbene or carbenoid routes (equation 5) and rearrangement pathways (equations 6 and... 

Here categories A-E refer to direct goal satisfaction, fl-f4 refer to primary derived requirements for fulfilling the needs, and finally, f5-f7 refer to indirect requirements for carrying out the various manipulations stipulated. The individual energy requirement estimates are discussed in detail in Sorensen (2004a). A summary of the scenario for demand at the end-user is given in Fig. 5.7. 

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