End-use sectors

A projection of biomass energy consumption in the United States for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030 is shown in Table 6 by end use sector (12). This analysis is based on a National Premiums Scenario which assumes that specific market incentives are appHed to aU. new renewable energy technology deployment. The scenario depends on the enactment of federal legislation equivalent to a fossil fuel consumption tax. Any incentives over and above those in place (ca 1992) for use of renewable energy will have a significant impact on biomass energy consumption. 

Several important generalizations can be made. The first is that fossil fuel prices are primary competition for biomass energy. Table 28 summarizes 1990 U.S. tabulations of average, consumption-weighted, deflvered fossil fuel prices by end-use sector (90). The deflvered price of a given fossil fuel is not the same to each end user ie, the residential sector normally pays more for fuels than the other sectors, and large end users pay less. 

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Transportation Energy Data Book Edition 26, Table 1.13 Consumption of Petroleum by End-Use Sector, 1973-2006, pp. 1-17, http //cta.oml.gov/data/ tedb26/ Edition26 Chapter01. pdf (2007). 

The potential of biomass to make a large contribution towards replacing conventional fuels is constrained by land availability and competition with other end-use sectors. In particular, the potential for oil seeds to generate FAME is limited. Generally, yields of biofuels from purpose-grown crops depend on the species, soil type and climate.22 At a global level, it is estimated that biofuels could substitute up... 

All end-use sectors use all the alloys to some extent, but the main sectors are ... 

Figure 4.5 shows percentage share of Western European biodegradable polymer consumption by end use sector for 2005. 

Figure 5.1 shows global consumption of starch-based biodegradable polymers by end use sector, 2005. 

Fgerch Plast is an extruder of film and thermoforms packaging. Packaging is made from PS, CPET, APET, PP and PLA plastics. Principal end use sectors served are ready meals, fresh meat, cold food, snacks and disposables. 

Chemical Business NewsBase (http //www.rsc.org/is/database/cbnbhome.htm) This provides information on the business environment of the chemical industry. It provides company, product and market information for the chemical industry and its end-use sectors worldwide. It also covers environmental issues and regulatory developments. More than 580000 items are contained within the database since its initiation in 1985. The database is updated daily, from more than 700 sources. As well as information from journals and newspapers, information is also sourced from company reports, newsletters and press releases. 

The flow diagram of Figure 2 shows second-law efficiencies for the utility sector and the three usual end-use sectors, residential and commerical, transportation, and industrial. These values were the author s best approximation after a modest effort to obtain fairly exact values in 1973. Some of the values pre known to be quite good, while others are necessarily rough approximations since, for example, in the industrial sector there is such a variety of uses in the thousands of industrial operations that it is impossible, without a monumental effort, to determine accurate values. The methods and data used to estimate the second law efficiency values of each sector for Figure 2 are. described in Appendix A. 

Not only does the bulk chemical industry employ all of the membrane separation processes, but partly because of that, the sector gives home also to all of the various physical embodiments of membranes flat sheets, plate and frame, pleated cartridges, tubular, hollow fibre, capillary module, and spiral w ound. More particularly, this end Use sector has considerable demaitd for membranes able to resist high temperature or highly corrosive fluids, such that metallic membranes and ceramic materials, especially of the monolith type w ith parallel cylindrical chambers, are w idely used. 

Most other end-use sectors deal w ith liquids that are relatively bland as far as operating conditions go - moderate temperatures and pressures, low liquid viscosities, and little, if any, corrosive action. In the bulk chemical industries, on the other hand, membranes li equently have to be specified to withstand highly corrosive liquids, toxic materials, and quite high temperatures. The trends, as tar as these operating parameters are concerned, are for increased severity, rather than less. 

Energy End-Use Sectors - Major energy consuming sectors of the economy. The Commercial Sector includes commercial buildings and private companies. The Industriai Sector includes manufacturers and processors. The Residential Sector includes private homes. The Transportation Sector inciudes automobiies, trucks, rail, ships, and aircraft. 

Utility applications are found throughout the whole of the manufacturing and service industries, and their characteristics are dictated by the nature of the application, and more often than not are independent of the nature of the end-use sector, such as power generation, brewing or the production of pharmaceuticals, in which they are found. Utility applications are. on the whole, of similar levels of importance throughout industry and commerce. 

Process applications, on the other hand, are usually end-use sector specific, with important variations imposed by operating temperatures and pressures, by the corrosiveness of the liquid or abrasiveness of the solids in the system, and by the individual process needs, such as cake dryness or centrate clarity. Process applications may be an absolutely vital part of the end-use process, or may have only a small part to play. 

Uses. The world s end use sectors for caustic soda in 1997 are shown in Fig. 75 [318). In Europe, the percentages are comparable. In regions like Australia, Surinam or Venezuela, with a strong aluminum industry or in Scandinavia, Canada with pulp and paper industry the relativ applications are predominant. 

Among the end-use sectors, the converter segments (printing and laminating) comprise Fresh food Chilled food Frozen food Dried food Confectionery Baked goods Pet food... 

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