Market incentives

A projection of biomass energy consumption in the United States for the years 2000, 2010, 2020, and 2030 is shown in Table 6 by end use sector (12). This analysis is based on a National Premiums Scenario which assumes that specific market incentives are appHed to aU. new renewable energy technology deployment. The scenario depends on the enactment of federal legislation equivalent to a fossil fuel consumption tax. Any incentives over and above those in place (ca 1992) for use of renewable energy will have a significant impact on biomass energy consumption. 

EJ = 0.9488 X 10 Btu. Assumes market incentives of 2 /kWh on fossil fuel-based electricity generation, 2.00/10 Btu on direct coal and petroleum consumption, and 1.00/10 Btu on direct natural gas consumption. 

By-Products. The PUREX process is efficient at separating uranium and plutonium from everything else in the spent fuel. Within the high level waste stream are a number of components which have, from time to time, been sufficiendy interesting to warrant their recovery. The decision to recover a particular isotope is usually based on a combination of market incentives and desired waste reduction. 

Many economists have therefore become disappointed in the effectiveness of traditional regulatory solutions to environmental problems. They look to market incentives such as those provided by private property rights, and market-like mechanism, where polluters must brd for or trade for the right to release potentially harmful emissions, as policy alternatives. 

For example, sulfur emissions from utility power plants in the United States are subject to an emissions cap and an allowance-trading system established under the Clean Air Act. An effective cap on annual sulfur dioxide emissions took effect in 2000, so no more than 8.95 million tons of SO can be emitted annually. Utilities that want to build another coal plant must purchase sulfur emission allowances from others who do not need them. This system provides a market incentive for utilities to reduce their sulfur emissions as long as the cost of such reductions is less than the price of purchasing the allowances. 

The two examples discussed above highlight two extremes of a spectrum on the one hand, the highly organized groups active in shipping multi-million dollar consignments of cocaine from Colombia to the USA on the other, the many, uncoordinated players who, responding to market incentives, move heroin from... 

Funding Source Storage Reas Processor Reqs Hauler Reqs Landfill Restrictions Market Incentives... 

Of the 33 States with either laws or regulations in place, over half (18) include market incentives for tire use, such as a monetary rebate, grant, loan, or funds for testing. 

State Regulatory Coverage1 Funding Source Market Incentives Landfill Restrictions... 

More efficient technology is not a significant driver of capital cycles in the absence of policy or market incentives. 

The market incentives behind such change in behaviour and political interest in the chemical industry and beyond were succinctly summarised by the director of the Czech Business Council for Sustainable in an interview in 1997 ... 

For PV systems, two main types of market incentives exist. Most government market support for PV in the United States is in the form of money refunded for the purchase and installation of a PV system. Therefore, many dollars per installed PV watt are returned to the customer, who, in turn, hands the money over to companies providing and installing the systems. These rebates were designed for companies and customers wanting to install small flat plate PV systems for rooftops, which is the principal market for PV systems. Such rebates have been successful in developing PV markets for rooftops in Japan, as well as in the United States. Almost 20 states have some form of rebate for PV systems that can be combined with the new federal rebate approved by the U.S. Congress in 2005. 

The California market incentives helped wind and CSP developers and investors move their technologies forward, reducing cost and acquiring valuable operational experience that improved reliability. Wind engineers developed their qualifications standards during this same period like early PV technologies, wind systems often suffered from poor reliability until their certification standards were established and required in the marketplace. 

Orphan Drug Act s Passage Provides Market Incentives and Regulatory Assistance... 

This transition will require a new mission for the industry that promotes human health and environmental quality as seriously as the market promotes economic efficiency and product effectiveness. Put conceptually, a sustainable chemical industry would be one that optimizes value from the use of chemicals, adds no new risks to everyday life, increases natural capital, minimizes the transfer of risks from one generation to another, respects and enhances the natural functioning of the planet s ecosystems, and assures no net loss of valuable resources. Creating such an industry will require government policy and market incentives that promote sustainability. This will require financial investment institutions and international development programs that are committed to developing an industry that is as ecologically sound and socially sensitive as it is economically productive. 

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