Emissions developing countries

For many industrialized countries, efforts to improve the outdoor air quality have been under way for the majority of this century. In many locations around the world, significant improvements have taken place. Air quality in many major cities such as London, New York, and Chicago has improved from the conditions present in the first half of the twentieth century. Mechanisms and control programs are in place in the developed countries to continue the improvement of ambient air quality. Considerable effort and energy have been expended to characterize, evaluate, and control air pollution emissions to the atmosphere. 

Protocol. In 1997, prior to President Clinton s acceptance of the Kyoto Protocol, U.S. Senate Resolution 98, the Byrd-Hcgcl resolution, which was passed by a vote of ninety-five to zero, imposes specific requirements that must be met before the Kyoto Protocol can be ratified. The resolution calls for a specific timeline and commitments by developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and evidence that adoption of the Kyoto Protocol would not result in serious harm to the U.S. economy. In addition, the Fifth Conference of the Parties (1999) failed to resolve numerous outstanding issues held over from the previous conference, and put off critical decision making until the Sixth Conference of the Parties in The Ffague, Netherlands, in November 2000. 

In a comparison of nine economic models, estimated costs to the United States as of the late 1990s ranged from a loss in gross domestic product from 40 billion to 180 billion, with assumptions of no emission trading from 20 billion to 90 billion with trading only among developed countries and from... 

During the forties and fifties, episodes of severe air pollution occurred In a number of urban and Industrial areas. They were responsible for 111 health and In some cases caused death among the populations concerned. As the scientific and public Information base on the adverse effects of urban air pollution Increased, so did public demand for control measures. As a result, many Industrial countries Introduced comprehensive air pollution control laws at various times from the mid-fifties onwards. Industrial response to these laws led to the application of control techniques which effectively reduced the emissions of some pollutants. However there are other sources and factors which can obscure the benefits of these control actions. For example, consider urban growth. In 1980 there were 35 cities with populations over 4 million. By the year 2000 this number will nearly double to 66, and by the 2025, this number will more than double to an estimated 135 (9). In developing countries, from 1980 to the year 2000, It Is estimated that twice as many people will live In cities of a total population of 1 million or more In Latin America (101 million to 232 million) and East Asia (132 million to 262 million). Three times as many people will live In cities of 1 million or more In South Asia (106 million to 328 million) and four times as many In Africa (36 million to 155 million) (10). Accompanying this rapid growth are Increases In Industrial activity... 

One of the most significant Indices of air pollution potential Is provided by statistics on motor vehicle use. On a global scale the number of vehicles continues to rise although the rate of growth has slowed In North America and Europe as a whole, where vehicle densities are the highest In the world. Since 1979, the most rapid growth has occurred In Asia and South America where vehicle ownership has more than doubled (11). In the developing countries, as well as many others, these vehicles are not equipped with emission control devices. 

Estimates of urban NOx emissions and trends are generally limited to those provided by the developed countries which have the detailed emission Inventories. As In the case of other pollutants, the USA contributes the most on a per-country basis to the global NOx emissions per year. Because of the Inaccuracy of the data base used. It Is difficult to discern trends In these emissions. However, with new control technologies being Implemented for both stationary and mobile sources, downward trends In the developed countries may be more prevalent In the future years. Unfortunately, the opposite trend Is likely to occur In the developing countries. 

Acid precipitation, or acid rain, can causes significant impacts on freshwater, coastal, and forested ecosystems (e.g.. Likens et ai, 1996). Both NOi", from NO emissions, and SO from SO2 emissions contribute significantly to acid rain. The relative ratio of SO /NOf in precipitation will be substantially determined by the regional emissions of SO2/NO3. In developed countries, uncontrolled combustion of coal and high-sulfur fuel oil led to significant emissions of SO2, relative to NO Due to strict control of smokestack SO2 emissions in some regions and increasing NO emissions from automobiles, the relative contribution of NOi is expected to increase (Sirois, 1993 Mayewski et ai, 1990). 

The US pollutes more, absolutely and per head, than any other country (it also produces more wealth). Its greenhouse emissions have raised by more than 11% since 1990 its Kyoto commitment was to reduce them by 6%. It is the only country to have signed the protocol and then to have repudiated it. President Bush said in March, 2005 the US would not ratify Kyoto, because he thought it could damage the US economy and because it does not yet require developing countries to cut their emissions. His domestic and foreign critics think the US will lose economically by staying alone. 

Russia, a developed country, is part of the Annex 1 bloc of countries committed to cutting emissions under the protocol. But its economy has shrunk so drastically since 1990 that it cannot afford to bum the fuel that would produce the emissions Kyoto entitles it to. Its emissions have fallen by almost 40% in a decade. So it favours emissions trading, selling its unused entitlement to developed countries wanting to emit more than the protocol allows them. Russia will ratify Kyoto, because it recognises it as a way of earning desperately needed money. It plans to use the cash for energy efficiency projects. 

Developing countries like India are listed under Kyoto as Annex II countries, and they are not obliged to make any cuts in greenhouse emissions reduction yet. But as they raise living standards their emissions will obviously increase India s have risen by more than 52% since 1990. Under Kyoto, they will have to accept reduction targets in a few years from now. The protocol s architects say it is fair to allow them a grace period, because the problem has been caused by the industrialised countries. But India, with more than 1 bn people, will soon be a major polluter. 

DeFries R, Achard F, Brown S, Herold M, Murdiyarso D, Schlamadinger B, Souza C. Earth observations for estimating greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation in developing countries. Environmental Science and Policy, 2007.10 pp. 385-394. 

Patra AK. Trends and projected estimates of GHG emissions from Indian livestock in comparisons with GHG emissions from world and developing countries. Asian-Aus-tralasian Journal of Animal Science. 2014. 27 592-599. 

It can be considered that about 20,000 kWh/yr are required to heat a typical house in developed countries. If hard coal, oil, natural gas, and LPG are used, the annual total C02 emissions are 8,280 kg C()2/yr, 6,280 kgCCVyr, 4,540 kg CCh/yr, and 5,180 kgCO/yr, respectively [17]. These data agree with those reported by Johnson [18], which are shown in Figure 3. 

Meeting the Kyoto goals could have a major impact on the electric power and auto industries and many believed the economy would suffer greatly. Developing countries like China and India would be exempt from the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions. China and India have plans to build over 600 coal-fired plants. The emissions of these plants would be 5 times the total saving of Kyoto. 

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