Major emerging technology

The focus of this chapter is to trace the origin and nature of the major pollution (especially water) problems within the pulp and paper industries and to present an overview of the pollution mitigation strategies and technologies that are currently in practice or being developed (emerging technologies). 

The two previous conferences were held in 1984 and 1990 in Erlangen, Germany, at a University with considerable impact on the promotion of this emerging technology in industry. Following the Erlangen tradition the Zurich symposium is also subdivided in three major sections, namely... 

In this chapter we consider some commercial routes and emerging technology for the production of olefins Irom coal. For the most part olefins are made from natural gas and crude oil derivatives - LPG, naphtha, gas oil or residual fuel oil. The cost of these feed-stocks are tied one way or another to the prevailing price of crude oil and the petrochemical operations have to bid for feedstock against the oil-refiners demand for them to produce transport fuels. For example, a major feedstock is ethane. In developed economies the price of ethane is directly linked to the prevailing price of crude oil or indirectly via the natural gas price, which is linked one way or another to the price of crude oil. 

The system is not designed to incorporate all of the many technologies that would be necessary to address every type of site instead, the goal is to address the majority of sites. "Outliers" include mining sites and sites containing radioactive waste. Some emerging technologies, such as in situ vitrification or ultraviolet... 

As noted earlier, a majority of dryers are of the direct (or convective) type. In other words, hot air is used both to supply the heat for evaporation and to carry away the evaporated moisture from the product. Notable exceptions are freeze and vacuum dryers, which are used almost exclusively for drying heat-sensitive products, tend to be significantly more expensive than dryers operated near atmospheric pressure. Another exception is the emerging technology of superheated steam drying (Mujumdar 1995a). In certain cases, such as the drum drying of pasty foods, some or all of the heat is supplied indirectly by conduction. 

In this paper, the optical and Mossbauer spectroscopic techniques for measuring Fe and Fe and determining their site occupancies will be examined. For each of these methods, an overview of practice and theory will be presented. Although there have been other reviews of optical spectroscopy (Rossman 1984) and Mossbauer spectroscopy (Kalinchenko et al. 1973 Ericsson et al. 1977 Heller-Kallai and Rozenson 1981 Pollack and Stevens 1986 Dyar 1987 Redhammer 1998 Murad 1998 Rancourt 1998), emphasis here is on historical and international inclusiveness, and discussion is restricted to micas rather than to the broader topic of clay minerals. Because they predate the other methods, optical studies will be discussed here first, followed by a discussion of the Mossbauer studies that constitute the majority of spectroscopic studies of mica. XPS and EELS spectroscopies are discussed in the Appendix, as they represent emerging technologies... 

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