Electrothermal atomization copper

To determine down to 2.4 xmol/l of copper in seawater, Nishoika et al. [282] complexed the copper with di-ethyl-dithio carbamate, precipitated with ferric hydroxide, filtered off and dissolved the precipitate with nitric acid, and determined copper by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. 

Jin [666] used ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry to determine lead, cadmium, copper, cobalt, tin, and molybdenum in seawater. 

Chakraborti et al. [665] determined cadmium, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel, and lead in seawater by chelation with diethyldithiocarbamate from a 500 ml sample, extraction into carbon tetrachloride, evaporation to dryness, and redissolution in nitric acid prior to determination by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry in amounts ranging from 10 pg (cadmium) to 250 pg (nickel). 

Batley [28] examined the techniques available for the in situ electrodeposition of lead and cadmium in estuary water. These included anodic stripping voltammetry at a glass carbon thin film electrode and the hanging drop mercury electrode in the presence of oxygen and in situ electrodeposition on mercury coated graphite tubes. Batley [28] found that in situ deposition of lead and cadmium on a mercury coated tube was the more versatile technique. The mercury film, deposited in the laboratory, is stable on the dried tubes which are used later for field electrodeposition. The deposited metals were then determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, Hasle and Abdullah [29] used differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry in speciation studies on dissolved copper, lead, and cadmium in coastal sea water. 

The elements covered are aluminium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, vanadium, and zinc. Electrothermal atomic absorption and anodic and cathodic scanning voltammetric methods are discussed. 

J. C. Rodriguez-Garcia, J. Barciela-Garcia, C. Herrero-Latorre, S. Garcia-Martin and R. M. Pena-Crecente, Direct and combined methods for the determination of chromium, copper and nickel in honey by electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy, J. Agric. Food Chem., 53(17), 2005, 6616-6623. 

In 140 water samples from the river Saale, sampled from 1986 to 1988 according to the technique described in Section 8.1.1.1, the heavy metals iron and zinc were determined using flame AAS and lead, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, copper, and nickel by AAS with electrothermal atomization in the soluble fraction (particle diameter <0.45 pm). The sampling points, located in Thuringia (Germany), are illustrated in Fig. 8-7. The method of standard addition, with three additions, was used to minimize matrix effects. The components ammonium, chloride, magnesium, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, oxygen,... 

Vaisainen, A. and R. Suontomo. 2002. Comparison of ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted acid leaching and reflux for the determination of arsenic, cadmium and copper in contaminated soil samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 17 739-742. 

Total copper concentrations in aliquot samples of the titration solutions were measured by electrothermal atomic absorption using direct injection of the acidified (HNO3) sample into the graphite furnace. Standards were prepared at the same acid strength as the samples and copper values were obtained by the comparator method. Copper concentrations in filtered (Gelman A-E) Newport and Neuse waters were 0.011 pM and 0.025 pTI, respectively, and were well within analytical capability. Thus, no... 

Aucfiio RQ, Rubin NV, Smith bw and wine-EOEDNEE JD (1998) Ultratracc determination of Pt in environmental and biologcal samples by electrothermal atomization laser-excited atomic fluorescence using a copper vapor laser pumped dye. J Anal Atom Spectrom 13 49-54. 

Vinas et al. (1993a), determined copper in biscuits and bread using a fast-program slurry electrothermal atomic absorption procedure and Miller-Ihli (1988) also used EAAS after slurry preparation for simultaneous multi-element AAS, as did Littlejohn et al. (1985) who introduced slurried food samples into the graphite furnace for analysis. Haswell and Barclay (1992), carried out on-line microwave digestion of slurry samples with direct flame atomic absorption spectrometric elemental detection. 

Ivanova E, Benkhedda K and Adams F (1998) Determination of copper, manganese and nickel in biological samples and sea-water by flow injection on-line sorption preconcentration in a knotted reactor coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry. J Anal Atom Spectrom 13 527—531. 

ViNAS P, Campillo N, Gaecia IL and Coedoba MH (1993a) Analysis of copper in biscuits and bread using a fast-program slurry electrothermal atomic absorption procedure. J Agric Food Chem 41 2024-2127. 

Dube, P. (1988). Automated direct determination of copper in urine and whole blood by Zeeman-corrected atomic absorption spectrometry. Atomic Spectrosc., 2, 55-58 Fell, G.S., Smith, H., Howie, R.A. (1968). Neutron activation analysis for copper in biological material applied to Wilson s disease, J. Clin. Path., 21, 8-11 Gonsior, B., and Roth, M. (1983) Trace element analysis by particle and photon-induced X-ray emission spectroscopy, Talanta, 385-400 Hartley, T.F. and Ellis, D.J. (1972). Combined electrolysis and atomic absorption for the determination of copper in biological materials, Proc. Soc. Anal. Chem., 2, 281 Herber, R.F.M., Pieters. H.J.. and Elgersma, J.W., (1982). A comparison of inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrometry and electrothermal atomization atomic absorption spectrometry in the determination of copper and zinc in serum, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem., 313.103-107... 

Gardiner, P.E., Ottaway, J.M., Fell, G.S. and Burns, R.R. (1981). The application of gel filtration and electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry to the speciation of protein bound zinc and copper in human biood serum. Anal. Chim. Acta, 124, 281. 

Silva, I. A., Campos, R. C., and Curtius, A. J., Determination of Lead and Copper in Kerosene by Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry Stabilization of Metals in Organic Media by a Three-Component Solution, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, Vol. 8,1993, pp. 749-754. 

Campos, R. C., Santos, H. R., and Grinberg, P., Determination of Copper, Iron, Lead, Nickel in Gasoline by Electrothermal Atomic Absotption Spectrometry Using Three-Component Solutions, Spectrochimica Acta Part B, Vol. 57, 2002, pp. 15-28. 

At higher levels of sensitivity and versatility, flame atomic absorption has replaced flame emission spectrometry chiefly for two reasons. It is easier to build absorption instruments that can be operated reliably by untrained workers than is the case for the equivalent flame emission equipment. And the range of elements determinable in many important sample types is greater by atomic absorption. For agricultural workers, the ability to analyze for zinc, copper and magnesium in their samples led to rapid acceptance of the method. In the environmental and health-related sciences, the toxic elements lead, cadmium, selenium, and others suddenly became much easier to determine. The development of electrothermal atomizers, as attachments for the basic absorption instruments, made them still more valuable. 

Y. Sung, Z. Liu, and S. Huang. Automated on-line preconcentration system for electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry for the determination of copper and molybdenum in seawater. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry 12 841-847,1997. 

Inductively coupled argon plasma (icp) and direct current argon plasma (dcp) atomic emission spectrometry are solution techniques that have been appHed to copper-beryUium, nickel—beryUium, and aluminum—beryUium aUoys, beryUium compounds, and process solutions. The internal reference method, essential in spark source emission spectrometry, is also useful in minimizing drift in plasma emission spectrometry (17). Electrothermal (graphite... 

Bruland et al. [122] have shown that seawater samples collected by a variety of clean sampling techniques yielded consistent results for copper, cadmium, zinc, and nickel, which implies that representative uncontaminated samples were obtained. A dithiocarbamate extraction method coupled with atomic absorption spectrometry and flameless graphite furnace electrothermal atomisation is described which is essentially 100% quantitative for each of the four metals studied, has lower blanks and detection Emits, and yields better precision than previously published techniques. A more precise and accurate determination of these metals in seawater at their natural ng/1 concentration levels is therefore possible. Samples analysed by this procedure and by concentration on Chelex 100 showed similar results for cadmium and zinc. Both copper and nickel appeared to be inefficiently removed from seawater by Chelex 100. Comparison of the organic extraction results with other pertinent investigations showed excellent agreement. 

Copper Adsorption on Qg resin Laser excited atomic fluorescence spectrometry with a graphite electrothermal atomiser 0.001 pg/1 [241]... 

Flameless atomic absorption using an electrothermal atomiser is essentially a non-routine technique requiring specialist expertise. It is slower than flame analysis only 10—20 samples can be analysed in an hour furthermore, the precision is poorer (1—10%) than that for conventional flame atomic absorption (1%). The main advantage of the method, however, is its superior sensitivity for any metal the sensitivity is 100—1000 times greater when measured by the flameless as opposed to the flame technique. For this reason flameless atomic absorption is employed in the analysis of water samples where the flame techniques have insufficient sensitivity. An example of this is with the elements barium, beryllium, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese, nickel and vanadium, all of which are required for public health reasons to be measured in raw and potable waters (section I.B). Because these elements are generally at the lOOjugl-1 level and less in water, their concentration is below the detection limit when determined by flame atomic absorption as a result, an electrothermal atomisation (ETA) technique is often employed for their determination. 

Determination of heavy metals and trace elements, e.g., lead, cadmium, copper, and zinc are best measured using atomic absorption. Electrothermal equipment has a wider application owing to its greater sensitivity. The workload, limited application of the tests, and the capital cost of equipment mean that spectrometers are located in larger laboratories. Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is used in some specialist centers, supplanting atomic absorption spectroscopy. 

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