Flame atomic absorption spectrometr

S. Cerutti, S. L. C. Ferreira, J. A. Gasquez, R. A. Olsina and L. D. Martinez, Optimisation of the preconcentration system of cadmium with 1 -(2-thiazolylazo)-7 -cresol using a knotted reactor and flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection, J. Hazard. Mater., 112(3), 2004, 279-283. 

S. Cancela and M. C. Yebra, Flow-injection flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of trace amounts of cadmium in solid and semisolid milk products coupling a continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction system with the online preconcentration on a chelating ami-nomethylphosphoric acid resin, J. AO AC Int., 89(1), 2006, 185-191. 

A. Moreno-Cid and M. C. Yebra, Continuous ultrasound-assisted extraction coupled to a flow injection-flame atomic absorption spectrometric system for calcium determination in seafood samples. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 379(1), 2004, 77-82. 

M. C. Yebra-Biurrun, A. Moreno-Cid and L. Puig, Minicolumn field preconcentration and flow-injection flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cadmium in seawater, Anal. Chim. Acta, 524(1-2), 2004, 73-77. 

Sperling, M., Xu, S. and Welz, B. (1992) Determination of chromium (III) and chromium (VI) in water using flow injection on-line preconcentration with selective adsorption on activated alumina and flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Anal. Chem., 64, 3101-3108. 

International Standard Organization. 1986. Water quality. Determination of cobalt, nickel, copper, zinc, cadmium and lead. Flame atomic absorption spectrometric methods. ISO 8288. International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20 Switzerland. 

M. Soylak, U. Divrikli, M. Elci, M. Dogan, Preconcentration of Cr(III), Co(II), Cu(II), Fe(III), and Pb(II) as calmagite chelates on cellulose nitrate membrane filter prior to their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination, Talanta, 56 (2002), 565-570. 

Haswell, S.J., Barclay, D. On-line microwave digestion of slurry samples with direct flame atomic absorption spectrometric elemental detection. Analyst 117, 117-120 (1992)... 

International Organization for Standardization ISO 11813, Milk and Milk Products -Determination of Zinc Content - Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Method (1998)... 

Background Caused by Filters. Since all of the particles were collected on membrane filters it was necessary to determine the blank metal concentrations in the filter. This enabled an estimation of how many particles must be collected in order that the levels of the metals were significantly greater than the blank filter. For this study, both neutron and flame atomic absorption spectrometric analyses were used and the results are shown in Table I. The analyses by neutron activation were made on the filter directly whereas those by atomic absorption spectrometry were obtained by extracting the filter with nitric acid (16M Ultrex). There are apparent differences between the two sizes of membrane filters which are probably related to the fact that these filter sets were obtained at different times. Also, while the metal blanks within a particular batch of filters vary by negligible amoimts, the variations between batches are considerable. These determinations are near the detection limits for both techniques, and therefore there are considerable uncertainties associated with the results. However, these blanks did indicate the minimum level of metals which must be collected if the analyses are to be significant. 

The flow system is simplified with flame atomic absorption spectro-metric detection [136] because an air plug is not placed at the front of the sample in order not to disturb the steady state of the flame. Consequently, the aqueous sample is inserted into the unsegmented carrier stream with only one air plug positioned after it. Tailing effects are therefore minimised and the sampling rate is significantly improved relative to ordinary flow injection systems with flame atomic absorption spectrometric detection. Moreover, removal of the gaseous phase is not needed. 

This aspect was originally demonstrated by the determination of potassium in plant digests by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, which required a high degree of sample dispersion [25]. The proposed system was simple and handled 120 samples per hour. In spite of the very low sample volumetric fraction involved (X = 0.0076), the results were precise and in agreement with those obtained by a conventional flame atomic absorption spectrometric procedure involving a previous hundred-fold manual sample dilution. 

Q.-S. Pu, P. Liu, Q.Y. Sun, Z.X. Su, Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of gold and palladium using microcolumn on-line preconcentration and separation, Microchim. Acta 143 (2003) 45. 

A.N. Anthemidis, G.A. Zachariadis, J.A. Stratis, On-line solid phase extraction system using PTFE packed column for the flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of copper in water samples, Talanta 54 (2001) 935. 

Z.-L. Fang, M. Sperling, B. Welz, Flame atomic-absorption spectrometric determination of lead in biological samples using a flow-injection system with online preconcentration by coprecipitation without filtration, J. Anal. At. Spectrom. 6 (1991) 301. 

Chen, H., Jin, J. and Wang, Y., 1997, Flow- injection on-line Coprecipitation-preconcentration System Using Copper (II) diethyldithiocarbamate as Carrier for Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Cadmium, Lead and Nickel in Environmental Samples, Analytica Chimica Acta, 353, 181-188. 

Vinas et al. (1993a), determined copper in biscuits and bread using a fast-program slurry electrothermal atomic absorption procedure and Miller-Ihli (1988) also used EAAS after slurry preparation for simultaneous multi-element AAS, as did Littlejohn et al. (1985) who introduced slurried food samples into the graphite furnace for analysis. Haswell and Barclay (1992), carried out on-line microwave digestion of slurry samples with direct flame atomic absorption spectrometric elemental detection. 

Tab. 2.7 Examples of applications of flame atomic absorption spectrometric analytical techniques to elemental determinations in a variety of materials ... 

Lemos VA, De Brito CF, Feeeeiea AC and Das Gramas A Korn M (2002) Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cobalt after online preconcentration. Can J Anal Sci Spectrosc 47 49-54. 

Liu X and Fang Z (1995) Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of cobalt in biological materials using a flow-injection system with on-line preconcentration by ion-pair adsorption. Anal Chim Acta 316 329-335. 

Sogor, C., A. Gaspar, and J. Posta Flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of total chromium and Cr(VI) in cigarette ash and smoke using flow injection/hydraulic high-pressure sample introduction Microchemical J. 58 (1998) 251-255. 

Z. Fang, S. Xu, and S. Zhang, The Determination of Trace Amounts of Heavy Metals in Waters by a Flow-Injection System Including Ion-Exchange Preconcentration and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Detection. Anal. Chim. Acta, 164 (1984) 41. 

A sewage contaminated calcareous soil was selected from the bank of reference materials of the Environment Institute of the Joint Research Centre of Ispra (Italy) in order to present both the characteristics of a calcareous soil (CaCOs content of 228 g kg ) and with heavy metal content well above the determination limits of the currently used flame atomic absorption spectrometric method. The soil sample was composed of 15.4% sand (2 mm to 50 mm), 9.3% coarse silt (50 to 20 pm), 34.0% fine silt (20 to 2 pm) and 41.3% clay (<2 pm). 

Zhang S., Pu Q., Liu P., Sun Q., Su Z., S)mthesis of amidinothioureido-silica gel and its application to flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of silver, gold and palladium, Tknalytica Chemica Acta, 2002, 452, 223-230. 

Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Lead and Cadmium in Whole Blood and Urine with On-line Preconcentration by Coprecipitation 232... 

The performance of the flame atomic absorption spectrometric detector is enhanced substantially by the FI mode of sample introduction. Besides the decrease in sample volume already mentioned, additional contributions which may be of interest in separation and preconcentration systems include ... 

Perry DF. 1990. Flame atomic-absorption spectrometric determination of serum zinc Collaborative study. J Assoc Off Anal Chem 73 619-621. 

AJ4. ADthemidis, K.I.G. lannou. On-line sequential injection dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction system for flame atomic absorption spectrometric determination of copper and lead in water samples, Talanta 79 (2009) 86-91. 

M. Soylak, S. Saracoglu, U. Divrikli, and L. Elci. Coprecipitation of heavy metals with erbium hydroxide for their flame atomic absorption spectrometric determinations in envirorunental samples. Talanta 66 1098-1102, 2005. 

The association of a spectrometer with the liquid chromatograph is usually for the purpose of structure elucidation of the eluted solute, a procedure that will be discussed in a later chapter. The association of tui atomic spectrometer with the liquid chromatograph, in contrast, is almost exclusively for the specific detection of the metalic and semi-metalic elements. The atomic spectrometer is a highly specific detector, and for element detection perhaps more so than the electrochemical detector. However, in general, a flame atomic absorption spectrometric (AAS) system is not as sensitive. If an atomic emission spectrometer or an atomic fluorescence spectrometer is employed then multi-element detection is possible. The inductively coupled plasma spectrometer can also, under some circumstances, provide multi-element detection but all three instruments are extremely expensive particularly in terms of an LC detector. It follows that most LC/AAS combinations employ a flame atomic absorption spectrometer or occasionally an atomic spectrometer fitted with a graphite furnace. Furthermore the spectrometer is usually set to monitor one element only, throughout the development of any given separation. 

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