Electron microscopic inspection

A dose electron microscopic inspection of carbon black shows the single soot partides to contain one or more nudeation centers that, in part, exhibit an onion-... 

Electron microscope inspection of a film replica of a polished surface of each of the bars as well as direct transmission electron micrographs of thin sections of each bar, reveals that these channels are evenly distributed throughout the bars. The channels are generally tetragonal or triangular in shape and have a diameter (calculated as the diameter of a circle having the same area as the pore cross section) of about 0.1-0.5 p.m. The pores are of such uniformity of size that practically no pores smaller than 0.1 pm or larger than 1 pm are found in the bars. The invention claimed is ... 

A method used to prevent charging of the sample during scanning electron microscopic inspection is to coat the sample with a conducting metal such as gold, which is a destructive process as the metal caimot be removed from the surface of the substrate. Conducting polymers that can be spin-appKed onto the sample and subsequently removed cleanly are ideal. Polyanfline has been demonstrated to provide such a solution. 

For the electron microscopical inspection of microinjected cells, cover slips were fixed for 30 min in cacodylate puffer (50 mM cacodylate, pH 7.2 50 mM KCl, 2.5 mM MgCl2) containing 2.5% glutaraldehyde. The cells were then post-fixed with 2% osmium tetroxide (in 50 mM cacodylate, pH 7.2 15 min) and washed in H2O (30 min). After overnight staining with 0.5% uranyl acetate (in H2O), the cover slips were dehydrated in ethanol and flat embedded in Epon. 

To control whether lamin A and lamin A mutants labeled with 5-IAF exhibit properties different from native lamins, we routinely tested their in vitro assembly properties prior to microinjection. Lamin A forms in vitro long paracrystals with periodic repeats of 22-25 nm, whereas a mutant lacking the complete carboxy-terminal tail formed filament bundles (for examples, see Schmidt et al., 1994 Schmidt and Krohne, 1995). For microinjection experiments only batches of 5-IAF lamins were used that were, by electron microscopical inspection, indistinguishable in their in vitro assembly properties from the nonlabeled protein. 

Conversely, alkaloid extracts were quite complex mixtures with sanguinarine as a major component. The predominance of benzophenanthridine, protopine and apor-phine alkaloids is common in cultured tissues of the Papaveraceae, despite their restricted occurrence in intact plants of this famfly (Ikuta et al. 1974, Kettenes-van den Bosch 1981, Phillipson 1983). HPLC was also used for the quantitation of these alkaloids and if preceded by fractionation on Extrelut columns (Roberts et al. 1983), the quantitation of thebaine was facilitated as well (Fig. lA). While sanguinarine was found in readily detectable amounts under a variety of growth conditions (Table 1), thebaine was discovered to be a trace constituent (Kutchan et al. 1983). Sanguinarine levels were highest in black aggregates that appeared by electron microscopic inspection to be necrotic tissue. These results suggest this benzophenanthridine alkaloid accumulates in mature, unidentified cells. 

The largest amount of dopamine was detected in the supernatant with the next highest concentrations in the low density region of the gradient (Fig. 5). Some dopamine was also present in the 8/16% renografin interface which upon electron microscopic inspection appeared to contain laticifer cells. These results are consistent with the data obtained by sucrose density gradient centrifugation (Fig. 3). 

The simplest way to assign the absolute configuration of a chiral molecule would certainly be by direct inspection of the molecule itself. Were the technical means at hand powerful enough to allow it, no other technique could compete with one providing a direct three-dimensional photograph of the molecule in question. Since at present, electron microscopes can achieve resolutions as low as 3 A, we are indeed not far from this goal. 

They are formed by agglomeration of smaller (below 50 A) homogeneous primary particles (initiated micelles) the space remaining between these primary particles has obviously been filled up by polymerization of further monomer. Therefore these particles may only be identified as agglomerates after a careful inspection with the electron microscope "Figure 2"... 

Morphological and fractographic inspection of the materials were performed on cryogenic fractured surfaces taken from the central region of tested and untested DDENT specimens, using a Jeol JSM 6400 Scanning Electronic microscope (SEM). 

Sandies were collected from bottom ash, cyclone ash and hot filter dust in some of the CFB test runs carried out with straw. The samples were analysed by light microscopy and electron microscopy. With the first method, an overall inspection was carried out in order to monitor agglomerates and their form. Afterwards, cross-sections were prepared for the electron microscopic analysis (SEM), in which the CCSEM (computer controlled electron microscopy) technique was applied. These analyses were carried out at VTT Manufacturing Technology. In this analysis, sample particles were analysed for their size and chemical composition. 

Inspection of PdSA after reaction disclosed a different feature of the dispersion of palladium. The electron microscopic examination detected many crystals of palladium metal, Pd, in the catalyst which contained more than 0.03 meq palladium per gm of SA, but failed to detect amorphous palladium metal, Pd , in the catalyst which contained less than 0.03 meq palladium per gm of SA. 

A total of 92 m of cores of the Fuglen and Hekkingen Formations, and 9 m from the Ryazanian A alanginian-Barremian Knurr Formation from nine wells (7321/9-1, 7219/9-1, 7120/2-2, 7120/6-1, 7120/12-1, 7125/1-1, 7228/2-1, 7228/9-1 and 7117/9-2) (Fig. 1) were included in the present study. With the exception of wells 7120/6-1, 7117/9-2 and 7324/10-1, where only mounted B-cuts were available, the cores were inspected both previous to and after core slabbing. The fracture analysis included fracture frequency studies, orientation studies, fracture characterisation (core inspection, light microscope and electron microscope investigation) and rock mechanical experiments. 

The structural features of the solid carbon deposit were established from examinations carried out in a JEOL 2000EXII transmission electron microscope. This instrument has a lattice fringe resolution of 0.14 nm. Suitable transmission specimens were prepared by ultrasonic dispersion of a small quantity of the carbonaceous deposit in isobutanol and then application of a drop of the supemate to a holey carbon film. Inspection of many areas of such specimens revealed that in dl cases the major type of material generated in these reactions consisted of filamentous carbon structures. 

X-ray residual stress determination was performed on the surface of the samples prepared by HIP sintering. The measured residual stress was compared with the results calculated by the finite element method (FEM). The electrical resistivity was measured by the four probes method on the slices cut from the cylinder samples. In order to inspect the thermal stability, the samples were annealed at 900 °C for 24 hour in vacuum. The microstructure on the section was observed by scanning electron microscope. 

Average particle sizes were determined with TEM. For that purpose a drop of the colloidal solution was placed on a carbon covered copper grid (Balzers) and analyzed with a high resolution transmission electron microscope (model JEOL 200 CX). Particle size distributions were determined by optical inspection of the photographs. From this data, metal areas of the catalysts were estimated assuming spherical particle shape and a rhodium surface density of 1.66 10 mol Rh/m [10]. As a reference material for characterization and testing, a commercial rhodium on carbon catalyst (5w% Rh, Aldrich) was used. 

Solutions of acid copper sulfate (containing only chloride and carrier) were used as the copper electroplating bath. A piece of titanium mesh (diameter = 55 mm) coated with iridium oxide was used as an insoluble anode. The bath was pumped through the anode to the cathode under 1 l/min and controlled at 25 °C. The cathode rotating speed was maintained at 165 rpm. The copper electrodeposition tests were conducted under different electric field waveforms with an average cathodic current density of 25 to 32 ASF, which was controlled by the cell voltage. Samples were cross-sectioned with a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB-SEM) to inspect both the quality of the copper deposits in the trenches or via-holes. 

Matthew Marcus (center) received his PhD. in 1978from Harvard and joined Bell laboratories the same year. At Bell Labs, he worked on a variety of problems in materials science, with an emphasis on structure. Some of these problems include the structure of the liquid crystal blue phase, the precipitation kinetics of in Al films (probed by EXAFS), the relation between local structure and luminescence of Er in silica and silicon, and the structure and vibrations of nanoparticles of Au and CdSe. His contributions to EXAFS technique include methods for preparing samples and improved methods for fitting sets of data taken at different temperatures. In 1998, he left Bell Labs to work for KLA-Tencor, helping develop a new kind of PEEM-related electron microscope for wafer inspection. In 2001 he took on the position of Beamline Scientist at the Advanced Light Source, where he collaborates on environmental and materials problems using an X-ray microprobe. 

Janssen about 1590, the invention of the telescope by Hans Lippershey in 1608, and its quick deployment by Galileo Galilei. The modern-day optical and electron microscopes that are widely used in the inspection of lithographically patterned wafers ah trace their origins to Janssen s invention. 

If particles are known to be spherical in shape and nondeformable in the relatively weak flow fields associated with Brownian motion (this may be expected in the case of synthetic latex particles, many proteins, and viruses and probably also holds for certain emulsion particles with rigid ordered interfaces, the Stokes radius will closely correspond to the hard sphere radius R, related to Rg through Rg = 3/5 R and may also be similar to that observed in the electron microscope Rem. The value of Rg should, however, on detailed inspection be greater than the radii measured by the latter methods because it includes bound solvent molecules. The discrepancy can be used to estimate the degree of solvation 81 grams solvent/gram of the particle through the relation ... 

---