Electrolyte imbalance sodium

Fatalities. Extract of the roasted seed, administered rectally to a 37-year-old woman with breast cancer after radical mastectomy and chemotherapy at a dose of 0.95 L/person four times daily, was active. Death was attributed to fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Sodium and chloride could not be detected. Extract of the roasted seed, administered rectally to a 46-year-old woman at a dose of 10-12 coffee enemas, three to four an hour, produced convulsive seizures and eventually death Decoction of the dark-roasted seed, on agar plate, was active on Staphylococcus aureus, with lethal doscjo of 16 mg/mL. Concentrations of 23, 35, and 40 mg/mL, were active on Escherichia coli. Decoction of the medium-roasted seed at concentrations of 29, 41, 50, and 52 mg/mL, were active on Escherichia coli. Decoction of the light-roasted seed at concentrations of 40, 46, 50, and 57 mg/mL, were active on Escherichia coli. Decoction of the roasted seed, on agar plate at concentrations of 28... 

Electrolyte imbalances that may be seen during therapy with a diuretic include hyponatremia (low blood sodium) and hypokalemia (low blood potassium), although other imbalances may also be seen. See Chapter 58 and Display 58-2 for the signs and symptoms of electrolyte imbalances. The primary care provider is notified if any signs or symptoms of an electrolyte imbalance occur. 

In men, administration of an androgen may result in breast enlargement (gynecomastia), testicular atrophy, inhibition of testicular function, impotence, enlargement of the penis, nausea, jaundice, headache, anxiety, male pattern baldness, acne, and depression. Fluid and electrolyte imbalances, which include sodium, water, chloride, potassium, calcium, and phosphate retention, may also be seen. 

Sodium and water retention may also occur with androgen or anabolic steroid administration, causing die patient to become edematous, hi addition, otiier electrolyte imbalances, such as hypercalcemia, may occur. The nurse monitors the patient for fluid and electrolyte disturbances (see Chap. 58 for signs and symptoms of electrolyte disturbance). 

The potent antidiuretic hormone AVP orchestrates the regulation of free water absorption, body fluid osmolality, cell contraction, blood volume, and blood pressure through stimulation of three G-protein-coupled receptor subtypes Vi-vascular types a and b, V2-renal, and V3-pituitary. Increased AVP secretion is the trademark of several pathophysiological disorders, including heart failure, impaired renal function, liver cirrhosis, and SIADH. As a consequence, these patients experience excess water retention or inadequate free-water excretion, which results in the dilution of sodium concentrations, frequently manifesting as clinical hyponatremia (serum sodium concentration <135mmol/L). This electrolyte imbalance increases mortality rates by 60-fold. Selective antagonism of the AVP V2 receptor promotes water... 

Adverse reactions associated with loop diuretics include nausea vomiting diarrhea gastric irritation headache fatigue dizziness thrombocytopenia rash orthostatic hypotension hyperuricemia hyperglycemia electrolyte imbalance (decreased chloride, potassium and sodium) dehydration. 

When salt intake is reduced, a series of "dry look" nemesis arise. Salt contains sodium, and to a lesser degree potassium in the form of potassium iodide. When salt/sodium is reduced or eliminated from the diet the result is increased Aldosterone release. This makes the body excrete more potassium and hold more sodium/water. The resulting water retention gives the athlete a puffy wet look. This is due to electrolyte imbalances. 

The most serious side effects of diuretics are fluid depletion and electrolyte imbalance.13,88 By the very nature of their action, diuretics decrease extracellular fluid volume as well as produce sodium depletion (hyponatremia) and potassium depletion (hypokalemia). Hypokalemia is a particular problem with the thiazide and loop diuretics, but occurs less frequently when the potassium-sparing agents are used. Hypokalemia and other disturbances in fluid and electrolyte balance can produce serious metabolic and cardiac problems and may even prove fatal in some individuals. Consequently, patients must be monitored closely, and the drug dosage should be maintained at the lowest effective dose. Also, potassium supplements are used in some patients to prevent hypokalemia. 

ELECTROLYTE IMBALANCE Improper proportions of acids, bases, salts, and fluids in the body. Electrolytes include the salts sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride chlorine. They can conduct electricity, and therefore are essential in nerve, muscle, and heart function. 

Because they affect sodium, potassium, and chloride levels in the body, diuretics can trigger electrolyte imbalances. An electrolyte imbalance can cause a variety of neurological symptoms, including confusion, fainting, dizziness, and headache. 

Hyponatremia, a condition wherein serum sodium concentration is < 135 mmol/L, is the most common electrolyte imbalance among hospitalized patients, occurring in up to 15% of in-patients.1,2 In addition to being a potentially life-threatening condition, hyponatremia is an independent predictor of adverse outcomes among patients with heart failure,3,4 acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction,5 and cirrhosis.6... 

Due to frequent laxative intake and vomiting induction, a related electrolyte imbalance may be observed in people with bulimia. Sodium normal reference values are in the range of 133-147 mmol/L. 

Up to 10% of a person s body weight can be lost without side effects, but if more than 40% is lost, the situation is almost always fatal. Death usually results from heart failure, electrolyte imbalance, or low body temperature. Patients with semiconsciousness, persistent diarrhea, jaundice, or low blood sodium levels have a poorer prognosis. 

Theoretically, any of the protective interventions mentioned in the previous section may be applicable to a clinical setting, but few have actually been studied, in some instances, because there are practical limitations to their use. For example, the duration of protection conferred by furosemide is brief, being confined to the time furosemide is present in the renal tubule. Furosemide would exacerbate electrolyte imbalance by causing sodium and potassium depletion, which, if not adequately monitored and replaced, would be expected to potentiate AmB-induced nephrotoxicity. Furthermore, none of the advocated drug interventions are itmocuous. Of all the alternatives, manipulation of sodium status or of the method of administration offer simple interventions that can be readily and usually... 

Excessive administration of phosphate, particularly intravenously, rectally, or in patients with renal failure, can cause hyperphosphatemia that may lead to hypocalcemia or other severe electrolyte imbalances. Adverse effects occur less frequently following oral consumption, although phosphates act as mild saline laxatives when administered orally or rectally. Consequently, gastrointestinal disturbances including diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting may occur following the use of dibasic sodium phosphate as an excipient in oral formulations. However, the level of dibasic sodium phosphate used as an excipient in a pharmaceutical formulation is not usually associated with adverse effects. 

The sodium or potassium content of i.v. formulations can contribute to electrolyte imbalances associated with congestive heart failure and renal function impairment. Care should be taken when using these formulations in neonates. 

Diarrhea can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance because intestinal fluids are rich in water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. To rehydrate and restore electrolyte imbalance, patients are administered Gatorade, Pedialyte, Ricelyte, and electrolytes given IV. Antidiarrheal medication decreases the hypermotility (increased peristalsis) that stimulates frequent bowel movements and should be administered for less than 2 days and not if the patient experiences a fever. There are four classifications of antidiarrheal medication. These are ... 

Diarrhea can cause dehydration and electrolyte imbalance because intestinal fluids are rich in water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. To rehydrate and restore electrolyte imbalance, patients are administered Gatorade, Pedialyte, Ricelyte, and electrolytes given IV. 

Electrolytes are important minerals that are required for normal functioning of the body. They are found in the bloodstream, as well as in other bodily fluids such as sweat. It is necessary to maintain normal levels of electrolytes such as sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate in order to sustain muscle functioning, nerve impulses, and normal fluid levels in the body. When laxatives and diuretics are used, water and electrolytes are removed from the body, causing an electrolyte imbalance and accompanying health problems. 

The need for fluid replacement is obvious. Oral rehydration is preferred over intravenous administration of fluids and electrolytes since it is noninvasive. In many third world countries, it is the only therapy available in remote areas. The rehydration formula includes 50-80 g/L rice (or other starch), 3.5 g/L sodium chloride, 2.5 g/L sodium bicarbonate, and 1.5 g/L potassium chloride. Oral rehydration takes advantage of the cotransport of Na and glucose across the cells lining the intestine. Thus, the channel protein brings glucose into the cells, and Na+ is carried along. Movement of these materials into the cells will help alleviate the osmotic imbalance, reduce the diarrhea, and correct the fluid and electrolyte imbalance. 

Acute hepatic failure is a major medical emergency, since the f ailure of the complex metabolic functions of the liver cannot be compensated for by any other organ. In severe ca.ses, much of the biochemical picture is disnipied. Electrolyte imbalance occurs, sodium and calcium concentrations may both fall. There may be severe metabolic acid-base ilisuirbances and hypoglycaemia. 

Methazolamide is contraindicated in patients with hepatic insufficiency, low pofassium or sodium levels, hyperchloremic acidosis, or severe renal impairment because of the potential for enhanced electrolyte imbalances. It shonld be used cautiously in patients with respiratory acidosis or other severe respiratory problems because the drug may produce... 

Electrolyte imbalance, and diseases that lead to electrolyte imbalance, such as adrenal cortical insufficiency, alter neuromuscular blockade. Depending on the nature of the imbalance, either enhancement or inhibition may be expected. Magnesium sulfate, used in the management of toxemia of pregnancy, enhances the skeletal-muscle-relaxing effects of pancuronium. Antibiotics such as aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, clindamycin, lincomycin, colistin, and sodium colistimethate augment the pancuronium-induced neuromuscular blockade. Anesthetics such as halothane, enflurane, and isoflurane enhance the action of pancuronium, whereas azathioprine will cause a reversal of neuromuscular blockade. 

Osmotic laxatives contain three types of electrolyte salts sodium salts (sodium phosphate or phospho-soda, sodium biphosphate), magnesium salts (magnesium hydroxide (milk of magnesia), magnesium citrate, magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), and potassium salts (potassium bitartrate, potassium phosphate). Serum electrolytes should be monitored to avoid electrolyte imbalance. Good renal function is needed to excrete any excess salts. 

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