Sodium salts electrolyte balance

Sodiura/polassium ATPase, 555 Sodium pump, 555 mechanism, 556 Sodium salts electrolyte balance, 771 Sodium thiosulfate photography... 

Magnesium hydroxide is a laxative and is not a constituent of oral rehydration salts, which tend to be recommended for use in diarrhoea, to avoid dehydration. Sodium chloride, glucose, potassium chloride and sodium citrate are required to maintain a proper electrolyte balance and are included in oral rehydration salts. 

Penicillin is often administered as a sodium or potassium salt. The introduction of potentially large numbers on sodium or potassium ions along with the drug can result in changes in electrolyte balance. This is of particular occurrence with ticarcillin and carbenicillin salts. 

Sodium An element that is a member of the alkali group of metals. It has the atomic symbol Na, atomic number 11, and atomic weight 23. With a valence of 1, it has a strong affinity for oxygen and other nonmetaUic elements. Sodium provides the chief cation of the extracellular body fluids. Its salts are the most widely used in medicine. (From Dorland, 27th ed) Physiologically the sodium ion plays a major role in blood pressure regulation, maintenance of fluid volume, and electrolyte balance. [NIH]... 

Sodium, potassium, and chloride, as ions (Na, K, and Gl ), are essential to electrolyte balance in body fluids. Electrolyte balance, in turn, is essential for fluid balance, acid-base balance, and transmission of nerve impulses. Table salt is the principal source of sodium and chloride ions, and dietary deficiencies are unlikely. When there is extreme fluid loss through vomiting, diarrhea, or traumatic injury, electrolytes must be supplied to restore their concentration in body fluids. 

Electrolyte balance Hyponatremia in a 74-year-old man with nephrotic syndrome due to a salt-losing nephropathy was attributed to voriconazole. The serum antidiuretic hormone (ADH) concentration and plasma renin activity were raised, and there was a high urine sodium concentration, despite volume depletion and a low serum osmolality [33" ]. 

Salt, i.e. sodium chloride, an indispensable body constituent, is present in most natural foods but whether humans get enough from these sources or need additional amounts is a matter of dispute. Certain primitive tribes survive on what is naturally present in their food but, on the other hand, wars have been fought over sources of salt, and for centuries its trade was more important than that of any other commodity. Efficient mechanisms exist within the body of normal subjects both for the conservation and for the excretion of salt and a wide range of intakes is compatible with the health of such individuals. There is undoubtedly a minimum requirement for salt for the maintenance of electrolyte balance because, although its excretion in the urine can be reduced to an almost negligible amount, salt is also lost in sweat. At the other extreme, provided it is accompanied by an adequate intake of water, large amounts of salt can be excreted by normal subjects so that how much, if any, extra salt one adds to one s food resolves itself into a matter of taste. 

Sodium chloride [7647-14-5] is an essential dietary component. It is necessary for proper acid—base balance and for electrolyte transfer between the iatra-and extracellular spaces. The adult human requirement for NaCl probably ranges between 5—8 g/d. The normal diet provides something ia excess of 10 g/d NaCl, and adding salt duting cooking or at the table iacreases this iatake. 

The concentrations and distribution of electrolytes are not fixed, because cell membranes are permeant to ions and to water. Movement of ions and water in and out of cells is determined by the balance of thermodynamic forces, which are normally close to equilibrium. Selective changes of ion concentrations cause movement of water in or out of cells to compensate for these alterations. The kidneys are a major site where changes in salt or water are sensed. The loss of fluids due to illness or disease may alter intracellular and extracellular electrolyte concentrations, with attendant changes in fluid movement in or out of cells. Changes of extracellular or intracellular ion concentrations, particularly for potassium, sodium, and calcium, can have profound effects on neuronal excitability and contractility of the heart and other muscles. 

Different surfactants are usually characterised by the solubility behaviour of their hydrophilic and hydrophobic molecule fraction in polar solvents, expressed by the HLB-value (hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance) of the surfactant. The HLB-value of a specific surfactant is often listed by the producer or can be easily calculated from listed increments [67]. If the water in a microemulsion contains electrolytes, the solubility of the surfactant in the water changes. It can be increased or decreased, depending on the kind of electrolyte [68,69]. The effect of electrolytes is explained by the HSAB principle (hard-soft-acid-base). For example, salts of hard acids and hard bases reduce the solubility of the surfactant in water. The solubility is increased by salts of soft acids and hard bases or by salts of hard acids and soft bases. Correspondingly, the solubility of the surfactant in water is increased by sodium alkyl sulfonates and decreased by sodium chloride or sodium sulfate. In the meantime, the physical interactions of the surfactant molecules and other components in microemulsions is well understood and the HSAB-principle was verified. The salts in water mainly influence the curvature of the surfactant film in a microemulsion. The curvature of the surfactant film can be expressed, analogous to the HLB-value, by the packing parameter Sp. The packing parameter is the ratio between the hydrophilic and lipophilic surfactant molecule part [70] ... 

The electrolytes and acid-base balance should be restored in careful coordination with the renal function. In hyponatraemia, either the fluid intake should be reduced to 700-1,000 ml/day, or a combination of a hypertonic salt solution (3%) and a loop diuretic should be administered intravenously, (s. p. 308) Likewise, an attempt can be made using a combination of diuretics and urea diuresis. Generally, sodium and water intake should be restricted. It is imperative to achieve an even volumetric balance, possibly supported by the cautious intake of fluid. 

Using highly salted foods forces the body to get rid of excess sodium chloride, usually through the kidneys, in order to keep the proper overall balance of electrolytes, the right acid/alkaline balance, and the right amount of water in the body. The problem is that when sodium is excreted, it doesn t depart all by itself. 

Flame atomic emission spectrometry Basic information on FAES is presented elsewhere in this encyclopedia. Sodium measurements are performed at 590 nm with the use of a propane flame (1925°C). Physiological samples for sodium determination are highly diluted before measurement. The diluent and the calibrator solution contain the same concentration of lithium ions so as to balance flame instability by a concomitant measurement of lithium in the reference beam (the so-called lithium guideHne). At the same time, lithium ions inhibit the ionization of sodium atoms. This procedure cannot be used in the case of therapy with lithium salts. That is why some authors prefer the concomitant measurement of caesium to that of lithium. Dilution adjusts the viscosity of the sample to that of the calibrator solution to produce identical aspiration rate and drop size on nebulization. As other electrolytes interfere with sodium measurement, their concentration in the caH-brator solution must be similar to their concentration in the sample. For the measurement of sodium in urine, calibrator solutions different from those for serum measurement are needed as the electrolyte concentrations in urine samples are quite different from those in serum and their relations are very variable. As the concentration of the electrolytes in serum is rather constant, calibrator solutions for serum measurements can fulfill their function better than those for urine in other words, urine determinations are usually less accurate. FAES proved to be sufficiently reliable to be used as the basic principle of the sodium reference measurement procedure. In routine use, however, FAES is less accurate. Its application is given up by most clinical laboratories in favor of potentiometric measurements... 

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