Muscle function and

Edwards, R.H.T. (1981). Human muscle function and fatigue. In Human Muscle Fatigue Physiological Mechanisms (Porter, R. Whelan, J., eds.), pp. 1-18, Pitman, London. 

In recent years free-radical species have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of disorders (see Hal-liwell and Gutteridge, 1989), and attention has been drawn to the possibility that these agents might mediate some of the effects of excessive or unaccustomed exercise on muscle function and structure. In addition, free radicals may play a role in a number of muscle diseases. The aim of this short review is to examine these areas, drawing particular attention to those situations where the role of free radicals is controversial or where further studies are required. 

A high sodium intake and increased circulating natriuretic hormone inhibition of intracellular sodium transport, resulting in increased vascular reactivity and a rise in BP and / Increased intracellular concentration of calcium, leading to altered vascular smooth muscle function and increased peripheral vascular resistance. 

Assessing the outcome of EN includes monitoring objective measures of body composition, protein and energy balance, and subjective outcome for physiologic muscle function and wound healing. 

Yang B, Verbavatz JM, Song Y, Vetrivel L, Manley G, Kao WM, Ma T, Verkman AS (2000) Skeletal muscle function and water permeabihty in aquaporin-4 deficient mice. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 278 C1108— Cl 115... 

Holgate ST, Peters-Golden M, Panettieri RA, Henderson WR, Jr. Roles of cysteinyl leukotrienes in airway inflammation, smooth muscle function, and remodeling. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2003 lll(suppl) S18-S36. 

Several studies have demonstrated that creatine may improve muscle function and increase exercise capacity in older adults experiencing age-related strength and exercise capacity loss. As of early 2002, only a handful of clinical studies had explored this phenomenon, and further research is needed to confirm and explain this finding. It should be noted, however, that there is some research that suggests creatine may not be as effective in older users as it is in younger individuals. 

Creatine may also be a promising treatment for other types of physical rehabilitation. Research conducted at Catholic University Leuven (Belgium) looked at the role of creatine in the recovery of university students who had been immobilized in full leg casts for two weeks. The students who received creatine monohydrate supplements had greater muscle function and mass than the students who received a placebo at both three weeks and 10 weeks of physical rehabilitation. 

Muscle force can be elicited by nerve stimulation to test both muscle function and the integrity of the nerve-muscle connection or by direct muscle stimulation to evaluate only muscle contractile independent of the synapse. The latter measure reflects the total force that the muscle is able to generate, if it is significandy... 

Brumback RA, Feeback DL, Leech RW (1992) Rhabdomyolysis in childhood. A primer on normal muscle function and selected metabolic myopathies characterized by disordered energy production. Pediatr Clin North Am 39 821-858... 

Iodine The major function of I in the human body is the formation of the thyroid hormone (thyroxin). It is also involved in muscle function and growth. The RDAs are 150 mg (adult male) and 110 mg (adult female) per day [15]. 

Increased intracellular concentration of calcium, leading to altered vascular smooth muscle function and increased peripheral vascular resistance. 

Ajmalicine (raubasine) affects smooth muscle function and is used to help prevent strokes (93), and tetrahydroalstonine exhibits antipsychotic properties (Fig. 2d) (94). These compounds are found in a variety of plants, including C. roseus and R. serpentina. A partially purified NADPH-dependent reductase isolated from a tetrahydroalstonine that produces a C. roseus cell line was shown to catalyze the conversion of cathenamine, a spontaneous reaction product that results after strictosidine deglycosylation, to tetrahydroalstonine in vitro (95). A second C. roseus cell line contains an additional reductase that produces ajmalicine. Labeling studies performed with crude C. 

Magnesium is used in lightweight, yet strong alloys. Magnesium ions are essential for metabolism, muscle function, and photosynthesis. 

Valine is involved with muscle function and muscle energy, fights acute physical stress, and aids assimilation of all other amino acids by the small intestine. 

Cameron NE, Cotter MA, Robertson S. Essential fatty acid supplementation. Effects on peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle function and capillarization in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Diabetes 1991 40 532-539. 

Strictly speaking, motor neuron disease and multiple sclerosis are diseases of the nervous system, rather than the musculoskeletal system. However, although these conditions are relatively rare, they are included here because the consequences of them affect skeletal muscle function and because health care professionals are likely to be involved in the care of patients with these two conditions. 

Like all of our organs, the brain has evolved over millions of years. It gradually developed from the inside out. The oldest part is the brain stem. It controls basic biological rhythms such as breathing, heart beat, muscle function, and balance. The higher functions of the brain, though, have evolved in what American biologist Paul D. MacLean, M.D., called the triune brain, or three brains in one. They reside in a respectful but wary alliance with the other. 

Maintaining a near-constant temperature is one of the primary physiological functions of the human body. Normal body temperature generally ranges from 35.8 °C to 37.2 °C (96.5 °F to 99 °F). This very narrow range is essential to proper muscle function and to control of the rates of the biochemical reactions in the body. You will learn more about the effects of temperature on reaction rates in Chapter 14. 

Because sodium is an electrolyte that helps with nerve and muscle function, and also helps to maintain blood pressure, excessive concentrations of sodium can severely disrupt body function. Severe hypernatremia, that is, a sodium concentration above 152 mEq/L, can result in seizure and death. Hypernatremia can result from... 

Trauma-related neurogenic impotence can result from isolated spinal cord injury and isolated damage to the penile nerves. Doppler ultrasound findings may be normal in these patients or may show exaggerated response to vasoactive agents (Kim and Kim 2006). In fact, a sustained erection can often be obtained after intracavernosal injection of 5 pg prostaglandin El indicating intact cavernosal smooth muscle function and vascular supply (Machtens et al. 2001). However,... 

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