Electricity from batteries

Taking a longer view, the complete elimination of fossil fuel use is eventually inevitable. At that point, trucks and automobiles will be powered by electricity - from batteries or fuel cells - and by biofuels. Electricity is... 

Electrical power is supplied to MWD tools either from batteries run in the downhole assembly or from an alternator coupled to a turbine set in the mudstream. 

M. V. Ginatta, "G.S. Electrolytic Process for the Recovery of Lead from Spent Electric Storage Batteries," paper presented at the Mnnual MIME Meeting 1975, New York. 

The poor efficiencies of coal-fired power plants in 1896 (2.6 percent on average compared with over forty percent one hundred years later) prompted W. W. Jacques to invent the high temperature (500°C to 600°C [900°F to 1100°F]) fuel cell, and then build a lOO-cell battery to produce electricity from coal combustion. The battery operated intermittently for six months, but with diminishing performance, the carbon dioxide generated and present in the air reacted with and consumed its molten potassium hydroxide electrolyte. In 1910, E. Bauer substituted molten salts (e.g., carbonates, silicates, and borates) and used molten silver as the oxygen electrode. Numerous molten salt batteiy systems have since evolved to handle peak loads in electric power plants, and for electric vehicle propulsion. Of particular note is the sodium and nickel chloride couple in a molten chloroalumi-nate salt electrolyte for electric vehicle propulsion. One special feature is the use of a semi-permeable aluminum oxide ceramic separator to prevent lithium ions from diffusing to the sodium electrode, but still allow the opposing flow of sodium ions. 

Regarding the specific energy, i.e., the electric energy per mass, a major distinction can be made between today s aqueous and nonaqueous battery systems [15]. Apart from batteries for some special applications, there are... 

Electron-transfer reactions occur all around us. Objects made of iron become coated with mst when they are exposed to moist air. Animals obtain energy from the reaction of carbohydrates with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water. Turning on a flashlight generates a current of electricity from a chemical reaction in the batteries. In an aluminum refinery, huge quantities of electricity drive the conversion of aluminum oxide into aluminum metal. These different chemical processes share one common feature Each is an oxidation-reduction reaction, commonly called a redox reaction, in which electrons are transferred from one chemical species to another. 

Electrolytic cells use electricity from an external source to produce a desired redox reaction. Electroplating and the recharging of an automobile battery are examples of electrolytic cells. 

If the battery pack of hybrid vehicles can additionally be charged with electricity from the public electricity grid, the vehicle is called plug-in hybrid. Batteries of plug-in hybrids have to be larger than those of a conventional hybrid vehicle. For short distance trips, plug-in hybrid vehicles can be operated in the electricity-only mode. Plug-in hybrids are not explicitly considered here, but addressed in more detail in Section 7.9. 

Battery-electric vehicles would lead to relatively low WTW GHG emissions, even if electricity from the EU electricity mix is used. 

As for the competition between hydrogen and electricity from renewable energies in the transport sector, it is clear that the use of renewable electricity in battery-electric vehicles is by far the most efficient application and yields a much higher C02 reduction than hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles, owing to the high discharge rate of... 

In section 11.1, you learned about several primary (disposable) batteries that contain galvanic cells. One of the most common secondary (rechargeable) batteries is found in car engines. Most cars contain a lead-acid battery, shown in Figure 11.18. When you turn the ignition, a surge of electricity from the battery starts the motor. 

The power is created by batteries and other electricity sources. Batteries are energy storage devices, but tmlike batteries, fuel cells convert chemical energy to electricity. Fuel cell vehicles use electricity produced from an electrochemical reaction that takes place when hydrogen and oxygen are combined in the fuel cell stack. The production of electricity using fuel cells takes place without combustion or pollution and leaves only two byproducts, heat and water. Benefits include no emissions and fewer parts to be serviced and replaced. Electricity is also cheaper than gasoline. 

A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device. It produces electricity from fuel and an oxidant, which react in the presence of an electrolyte. The reactants flow into the cell, and the reaction products flow out of it, while the electrolyte remains within it. Fuel cells are different from electrochemical cell batteries in that they consume reactant, which must be replenished, whereas batteries store electrical energy chemically in a closed system. The chemical energy of the fuel is released in the form of an electrical energy instead of heat when the fuel is oxidized in an ideal electrochemical cell. Energy conversion by a fuel cell depends largely... 

Fuel cells, like batteries, convert the chemical energy residing in a fuel into electrical energy on demand. As in batteries and other electrochemical cells, fuel cells consist of an anode, where oxidation occurs, a cathode, where reduction occurs, and an electrolyte, where ions carry the current between the electrodes. Fuel cells differ from batteries in that the fuel and oxidant are not contained within the fuel... 

Mercury Recovery Services, Inc. (MRS), has developed the Mercury Removal/Recovery Process (MRRP) to treat media contaminated with mercury. The ex situ process uses medium-temperature thermal desorption to remove the mercury from contaminated wastes. Process wastes are heated in a two-step process to recover metallic mercury in a 99% pure form. MRS claims MRRP can be applied to soils, activated carbon, mixed waste, catalysts, electrical equipment, batteries, lamps, fluorescent bulbs, mercurous and mercuric compounds, mercury-contaminated waste liquids, and debris. 

Electrolysis ol the fused alkali hydroxide.—At the time of Davy s discovery the dynamo had not been invented, and the electric current derived from batteries was far too costly for the production of sodium on a manufacturing scale. In modern works, where cheap electrical energy is available, modifications of Davy s original process—electrolysis of fused sodium hydroxide—are used for preparing sodium industrially —e.g. H. Y. Castner s electrolytic process (1890).a Potassium can also be made by H. Y. Castner s process. 

YOU CAN GET THE REQUIRED ELECTRICITY FROM THREE OR FOUR ORDINARY FLASHLIGHT BATTERIES. YOU WILL ALSO NEED TWO PIECES OF INSULATED COPPER WIRE AND TWO "ELECTRODES MADE FROM CARBON RODS. 

ASK AN ADULTTO HELP YOU WTTH THIS EXPERIMENT. ELECTRICITY CAN BE DANGEROUS. NEVER PUT HOUSE CURRENT (electricity from a wall outlet) IN WATER. YOU SHOULD ONLY USE A SMALL BATTERY FOR THIS EXPERIMENT. DO NOT LET ANY FLAME GET NEAR YOUR EXPERIMENT. 

Well-to-wheel thermodynamic efficiencies for (a) crude to regular vehicle (b) crude to hybrid vehicle (c) natural gas to all-electric vehicle (this efficiency increases to 74 respectively 80% for electricity from hydropower or renewable resources) (d) natural gas conversion to H2 and natural gas conversion to electricity followed by electrolysis to H2- Conv Conversion M motor HM hybrid B battery eM electric motor FC fuel cell. Routes a and b do not allow for the capture of C02. (From Marisvensson, A. et al., Energy, 32,437,2006.)... 

We are all familiar with the word electricity, however, its definition can be elusive. Some might say that electricity is the stuff that comes out of wall outlets or from batteries, or perhaps it s what makes up lightning. The term electricity can be interpreted in many ways. In this text we define electricity as that which results from mobile charges. 

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