Batteries automobile

A typical automobile battery weighs 16.4 kg and consists of 3.5 kg metallic lead, 2.6 kg lead oxides, 4.0 kg lead sulfate, 1.3 kg polypropylene, 1.1 kg PVC, mbber and other separators, and 3.9 kg electrolyte. Including acid and water, the lead-beating parts represent 61 wt %, ie, 21 wt % of lead alloy (2% Sb) and 40 wt % lead oxides and sulfate. Nonlead-beating parts constitute the remaining 39% the case (hard mbber or polypropylene) and separators (PVC) at 15 wt % and the electrolyte at 24 wt %. 

Automobile battery grids employ about 1—3 wt % antimony—lead alloys. Hybrid batteries use low (1.6—2.5 wt %) alloys for the positive grids and nonantimony alloys for the negative grids to give reduced or no water loss. The posts and straps of virtually all lead—acid batteries are made of alloys containing about 3 wt % antimony. 

As corrosion proceeds, reaction by-products may form on the metal surfaces, creating a resistance to electrical exchanges at these surfaces. Consequently, the reaction rate diminishes correspondingly. If the corrosion reaction is stopped, a time-dependent recovery occurs if the reaction is restarted, the initial corrosion rate is reestablished. This effect is often observed in conventional dry cells and automobile batteries. 

The largest outlet for the bituminous plastics has been for automobile battery boxes. Bituminous battery boxes do, however, have a susceptibility to electrical breakdown between the cells and in Europe their use has been mainly confined to the cheaper batteries installed initially in new cars. Bituminous compositions have also been used for toilet cisterns and to some extent for cheap containers. They are no longer important. 

Training personnel in the proper procedures and precautions for liandling automobile batteries... 

H2SO( concentration during use of a lead cell provides the basis for the convenient hydrometer test of the state of discharge of an automobile battery. The hydrometer measures the density of the electrolyte solution, thus indicating how much of the H2SOi has been consumed. Obviously, this method cannot be used to check an Edison cell since the electrolyte concentration is constant. 

New materials can improve the specific energy of the automobile battery, which is attracting most of the scientific effort. Nevertheless, an increase in specific power can only be obtained by a good understanding of the structural and molecular aspects that affect the electrochemistry of these materials. 

All chemicals, whether inorganic or organic, are either acidic, basic, or neutral. An example of an inorganic acid is sulfuric acid used in automobile batteries, while the acetic acid found in vinegar is an organic acid. Ammonia found in many household cleaners is a base, as are sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide (lye). Sodium chloride (common salt) is an example of a salt because it is produced by the neutralization of hydrochloric acid with sodium hydroxide. A solution of table sugar in water is neutral (pH 7) because it does not contain hydrogen ions nor does it react with bases to produce water. 

C19-0081. An alternator recharges an automobile battery when the engine is running. If the alternator... 

An automobile battery is a type called a lead-acid storage battery. Lead-acid storage batteries rely on the chemical reaction between lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid to operate. In a... 

Batteries have been developed from many pairs of chemicals capable of being oxidized and reduced. Some systems are rechargeable after the chemicals in the battery have been exhausted, the reactions can be reversed by the application of an external source of electricity. The lead-acid automobile battery is a familiar example. In many applications, such as cell phones and laptop computers, the weight of a portable electricity supply is critical. This has led to the development of batteries based on lightweight lithium chemistry, for which challenges still remain. 

Electrolytic cells use electricity from an external source to produce a desired redox reaction. Electroplating and the recharging of an automobile battery are examples of electrolytic cells. 

Sulphuric acid Used in the production of sulphates as an acidic oxidizer used as a dehydrating and purifying agent used for the neutralization of alkaline solutions used as a catalyst in organic synthesis used in the manufacture of fertilizers, explosives, dyestuffs, paper used as a component of drain and metal cleaners, antirust compounds and automobile battery fluids. 

The circumstances of the acid assault involved attacks by unknown assailants during a robbery in 46.7% (26.7% during a car or motorcycle robbery and 20.0% in a house robbery). A known person was the assailant in 33% of these acid assaults, commonly in a setting of marital discord. Many of these patients ended up living as recluses and dependent on family members for daily support. The acid involved in most cases was sulfuric acid used to restore exhausted automobile batteries, which is readily available at low cost from garages in Uganda [29]. 

Suppose a battery-powered device requires a minimum voltage of 9.0 V to run. How many lead-acid cells would be needed to run the device (Remember that a standard automobile battery contains six lead-acid cells connected in one package.) The overall reaction of a lead-acid cell is... 

For a rechargeable automobile battery, the lead-sulfuric acid cell is employed ... 

The cell is reversible because Pb02 and PbS04 remain attached to the electrodes. Because this cell produces a voltage of 2V six cells are connected in series for the standard 12-V automobile battery. 

The cells of automobile batteries used to include a capped opening for adding water that evaporated. The amount of charge stored on such cells could be determined with a hydrometer, a simple device that measured the density of the electrolyte in the cell. Explain why the density of the electrolyte is related to the charge state of the cell. 

Batteries are a practical application of the galvanic cell in that an oxidation-reduction reaction generates an electric current. A battery that has an enormous impact on our lives is the automobile battery, shown in Figure 10.3. 

In the United States, about 40% of the lead used is recovered from scrap. There are two types of scrap lead. The term old scrap applies to metal that has already been used in some manufactured object and the used article has been recycled for resmelting. Lead in the form of pieces cut off, filings, turnings, and so forth discarded during manufacturing processes is called new scrap. Automobile batteries constitute the largest source of old scrap lead. 

In that process, a large quantity of ammonium sulfate is produced, and it is used in fertilizers because it is a relatively inexpensive source of nitrogen. Finally, a large quantity of sulfuric acid is used as the electrolyte in millions of automobile batteries. With so many processes that consume enormous quantities of H2S04, it is not surprising that the production and consumption of sulfuric acid provides a barometer to the general health of the economy ... 

The recharge of a lead storage cell in an automobile battery can be represented by the following equation ... 

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