Electricity from renewables

Farhar, B. C., and Houston, A. (1996, October). Willingness to Pay for Electricity from Renewable Energy . National Renewable Energy Laboratory, NRELfFP-461-20S13. Gardner, G. T., and Stern, P. C. (1996). Environmental Problems and Human Behavior. Englewood Cliffs, NJ Allyn Bacon. 

Many of these plants may be built before CCS is ready and we will need to use our electricity more efficiently to slow the demand for such power plants, while building as many cleaner power plants as possible. Natural gas is far more cleaner for this power than coal. Generating hydrogen with renewables may be needed in order to avoid building coal-fired plants. More electricity from renewable power would reduce the pressure on the natural gas supply and reduce prices. The United States could have essentially carbon-free electricity before 2050 with hydrogen fuel playing a key role. 

As for the competition between hydrogen and electricity from renewable energies in the transport sector, it is clear that the use of renewable electricity in battery-electric vehicles is by far the most efficient application and yields a much higher C02 reduction than hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles, owing to the high discharge rate of... 

Farhar BC, Ashley FH (1996) Willingness to pay for electricity from renewable energy. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden Colorado... 

New York State already produces 19% of its electricity through renewable sources. It wants to increase that number to 25% by 2013. Likewise, the city of Austin, Texas has passed a resolution to get 20% of its electricity from renewables by 2020. In fact, the State of Texas passed legislation in 2005 that... 

European Commission (2000) Proposal for a Directive on the Promotion of Electricity from Renewable Energy Sources in the Internal Electricity market, COM (2000) 279, of 10.05.00, Bmssels. 

Directive 2001/77/EG on promotion of electricity from renewable energy sources. Sweden s strategy is to introduce a system for certificates for electricity from renewables. This system is expected to reduce the future CO2 emissions (NAP 2004). 

Jorgensen K (2008) Technologies for electric, hybrid and hydrogen vehicles electricity from renewable energy sources in transport. Util Policy 16 72-79... 

Table 5.3 Price for electricity from renewable energy...

In the United States, some 8000 MWe of biomass-fueled electricity generating capacity are installed primarily as combined heat and power production systems. In Europe biomass is mainly used for the provision of heat and, to a minor extent, for electricity production. In mral areas biomass is used traditionally for heating purposes. Electricity production has become more important in recent years due to environmentally motivated policy measures (e.g., the Feed-in Law for electricity from renewables in Germany, the C02-tax in Sweden). In average, however, only the use of firewood in households as well as industrial application in the wood processing industry are of major importance in Europe (for example, firewood covers almost 75% of biofuel use in Europe). The use of wood and other organic material for district heating is important in only a few countries (e.g., Denmark, Finland, Austria). 

For the economical utilization of hydrogen, the production prices have essential importance. A comparison of costs for different production processes are elaborated in Chap. 13. The fundamental process for hydrogen production in a sustainable energy system is the electrolysis with electricity from renewable energy sources which is described in Chaps. 11 and 12. The large-scale electrolyzer of some dozens of megawatt enables new dimensions for a central hydrogen productiOTi. 

The use of small hydropower (SHP) or micro-hydropower has grown over recent decades led by continuous technical developments, brought about partly in the UK by the 2010 coalition government s feed in tariff where green electricity producers are paid a premium to produce electricity from renewable sources. 

Green electricity producers are paid a premium to produce electricity from renewable sources. 

International Research and Development. Germany has become the world leader in renewable en-ergy production electricity from renewable sources increased from 6.3 percent in 2000 to about 16 percent in 2009, with a target goal of 27 percent by 2020. 

Flexible AC transmission allows more efficient use of huge quantities of electric power to different destinations and allows better incorporation of electricity from renewable—and unreliable— resources such as solar and wind. 

Logan BE (2004) Extracting hydrogen and electricity from renewable sources. Environ Sci Technol 38(9) 160A-167A. doi 10.1021/es040468s... 

Logan, B.E. Peer reviewed extracting hydrogen and electricity from renewable resources. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 9 (2004), pp. 160A-167A. 

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