Conductivity, electrical, measurement

Hamilton D C, Mitchell A C and Nellis W J 1986 Electrical conductivity measurements in shock compressed liquid nitrogen Shock M/aves in Condensed Matter (Proc. 4th Am. Phys. Soc. Top. Conf.) p 473... 

Both the polymers are dark in color and exhibit semiconductivity and paramagnetism. The electric conductivity measurements are performed on peUets and on thin films in sandwich and surface ceUs. 

Figures 5 and 6 present the electrical conductivity of sulfuric acid solutions (51,52). For sulfuric acid solutions in the 90—100% H2SO concentration range, the electrical conductivity measurements reported by Reference 52 are beheved to be the best values other conductivity data are also available...

Although it is required to refine the above condition I in actuality, this rather simple but impressive prediction seems to have much stimulated the experiments on the electrical-conductivity measurement and the related solid-state properties in spite of technological difficulties in purification of the CNT sample and in direct measurement of its electrical conductivity (see Chap. 10). For instance, for MWCNT, a direct conductivity measurement has proved the existence of metallic sample [7]. The electron spin resonance (ESR) (see Chap. 8) [8] and the C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [9] measurements have also proved that MWCNT can show metallic property based on the Pauli susceptibility and Korringa-like relation, respectively. On the other hand, existence of semiconductive MWCNT sample has also been shown by the ESR measurement [ 10], For SWCNT, a combination of direct electrical conductivity and the ESR measurements has confirmed the metallic property of the sample employed therein [11]. More recently, bandgap values of several SWCNT... 

Timer-controlled with BW electrical conductivity measurement override. The BD valve only opens when the electrical conductivi-... 

Intermittent conductivity measurement controlled, with the electrode placed in the BD line before the BD valve. In this arrangement the controller program opens the BD valve for a timed period (= 1 minute), sufficient for fresh BW to flow past the electrode and an accurate electrical conductivity measurement to be taken. The BD valve remains open until the conductivity falls below a set point. Again, this arrangement is improved with the use of a cooling coil. It is the most widely employed intermittent BD arrangement for FT boilers. 

Several experimental techniques may be used, such as acid/base titration, electrical conductivity measurement, temperature measurement, or measurement of optical properties such as refractive index, light absorption, and so on. In each case, it is necessary to specify the manner of tracer addition, the position and number of recording stations, the sample volume of the detection system, and the criteria used in locating the end-point. Each of these factors will influence the measured value of mixing time, and therefore care must be exercised in comparing results from different investigations. 

Electrical-conductivity measurements (F16, F18, V13) confirmed the metallic character of graphite-AsFg. The second stage has a peak, a-axis conductivity of 6.3 x 10 cm , i.e., marginally higher than... 

Manheim (1970) presents a critical review of the confusing variety of data found in the literature, but according to Home et al. (1969), pressures up to several thousand atmospheres seem to have no significant effect on Dg. Values for Ds are sometimes not available or are difficult to estimate but can be obtained indirectly by means of electrical conductivity measurements (Klinkenberg, 1951). Table 8-7 provides a list of Ds values found in the literature for the most... 

Electrical conductivity measurements revealed that ionic conductivity of Ag-starch nanocomposites increased as a function of temperature (Fig.l7) which is an indication of a thermally activated conduction mechanism [40]. This behavior is attributed to increase of charge carrier (Ag+ ions) energy with rise in temperature. It is also foimd to increase with increasing concentration of Ag ion precursor (inset of Fig.l7). This potentiality can lead to development of novel biosensors for biotechnological applications such as DNA detection. 

The method of semiconductor sensors allows one to determine the flux of atoms, to which the sensor was exposed, from electric conductivity measurements (provided coefficients of ionization and reflection of oxygen atoms from zinc oxide films are known). In other words, the sensor technique can be used in this case as an absolute method [21]. Indeed, variation of electric conductivity of a semiconductor film Acrpi due to adsorption is known to be caused by variation of carrier concentration An in the film, rather than by variation of their mobility / [21] ... 

Si(Pc)0] (S04)o.09)n> i-s limited by the oxidative stability of the sulfate anion. Thermoelectric power, optical reflectivity, magnetic susceptibility, and four-probe electrical conductivity measurements evidence behavior typical of an [Si(PcP+)0]n compound where p 0.20. That is, there is no evidence that the more concentrated counterion charge has induced significant localization of the band structure. 

Equation (44) has indeed been confirmed by electrical conductivity measurements and by the detection of carbon dioxide condensed in the cold trap (53). 

The solubility of the former (determined by electrical conductivity measurements) was i8-2 millimoles per litre for particles of a radius a = 00003 cm., and 15 33 millimoles for particles of a radius a = 0002 cm., so that the smaller particles show a considerably larger solubility. Since the osmotic pressures are proportional to the amounts dissolved, we can write... 

Electrical Conductivity. Measurements of the electrical conductivity of materials under Irradiation, particularly time-resolved conductivity following a pulse of electrons, can provide Information on mobilities and trapping mechanisms, free electron yield, and thermal1sat Ion times and path lengths. Some measurements have been done on polymers (45-47) particularly because of their technological Importance in the electronics Industry (37). More fundamental work Is needed. 

Brown E, Hao L, Gallop JC, Macfarlane JC (2005) Ballistic thermal and electrical conductance measurements on individual multi wall carbon nanotubes. Applied Physics Letters 87 2-3. 

Electric conductance measurements have been widely used in the study of lanthanide complexes to determine the nature of the anions in the complexes and hence to indicate the possible coordination number of the lanthanide ion. Water is a strong donor toward the lanthanides and is seldom used for the purpose of measuring electric conductance, since the complex is completely dissociated on dissolution in water. The complete dissociation of lanthanide complexes in water has been shown by molecular weight determinations in water as in the case of the complexes of DMSO (246,249, 250), PyO (147,157,158), and DMF (41, 43). Most useful data are obtained in non-aqueous solvents like nitromethane, acetonitrile, nitrobenzene, and acetone (317). 

Tortuosity is a long-range property of a porous medium, which qualitatively describes the average pore conductivity of the solid. It is usual to define x by electrical conductivity measurements. With knowledge of the specific resistance of the electrolyte and from a measurement of the sample membrane resistance, thickness, area, and porosity, the membrane tortuosity can be calculated from eq 3. 

Separation of a purified hydrolyzate of demineralized bovine dentin by cation exchange chromatography at pH 5.25. Gradient 0.0 - 0.5 M NaCl in 0.05 M HAc/NaAc, 1 mM NaNs, pH 5.25. Column SP Sephadex C25 (34 x2.6cm). Flow rate approx. 30 ml/h. The 4-ml fractions were assayed for amino acids by ninhydrin reaction (—) and for NaCl by electric conductivity measurement after 75-fold dilution (—). Fractions collected for further characterization are denoted by bars and Roman numerals. 

Electrical conductivity measurements on silicate melts indicate an essentially ionic conductivity of unipolar type (Bockris et al., 1952a,b Bockris and Mellors, 1956 Waffe and Weill, 1975). Charge transfer is operated by cations, whereas anionic groups are essentially stationary. Transference of electronic charges (conductivity of h- and n-types) is observed only in melts enriched in transition elements, where band conduction and electron hopping phenomena are favored. We may thus state that silicate melts, like other fused salts, are ionic liquids. 

Table 10 Electrical conductivity measurements on radical cation salts of [1,3]dithiolo[4,5-c][1,2,5]thiadiazoles, 45, 46, and 88...

From electrical conduction measurements close to detonating HE s, Udy ... 

Films have been deposited using selenourea and an ammonia-complexed solution at 65°C [96]. Zincblende CdSe was obtained with an optical spectrum corresponding to a bandgap of 1.84 eV (the bulk room-temperature bandgap of zincblende CdSe is ca. 1.8 eV). Analysis of electrical conductivity measurements indicated charge transfer occurred via a variable hopping mechanism through fairly deep states (a level 0.29 eV below the conduction band was found from these measurements). 

Electrical conductivity measurements of the as-deposited ln(OH)s showed an expectedly high resistivity of ca. 10 ff-cm. That of the annealed oxide film decreased to 33 O-cm (carrier concentration = 1.85 X 10 cm mobility = 10 cm V sec ). The resistivity is high compared to many other ln20s films (which are often used as transparent conductors), mainly due to the low carrier concentration, implying a high degree of stoichiometry. 

A variety of techniques has been employed to investigate aliovalent impurity-cation vacancy pairs and other point defects in ionic solids. Dielectric relaxation, optical absorption and emission spectroscopy, and ionic thermocurrent measurements have been most valuable ESR studies of Mn " in NaCl have shown the presence of impurity-vacancy pairs of at least five different symmetries. The techniques that have provided a wealth of information on the energies of migration, formation and other defect energies in ionic solids are diffusion and electrical conductivity measurements. Electrical conductivity in ionic solids occurs by the motion of ions through vacancies or of interstitial ions. In the case of motion through vacancies, the conductivity, a, is given by... 

---