Ionic thermocurrents

A variety of techniques has been employed to investigate aliovalent impurity-cation vacancy pairs and other point defects in ionic solids. Dielectric relaxation, optical absorption and emission spectroscopy, and ionic thermocurrent measurements have been most valuable ESR studies of Mn " in NaCl have shown the presence of impurity-vacancy pairs of at least five different symmetries. The techniques that have provided a wealth of information on the energies of migration, formation and other defect energies in ionic solids are diffusion and electrical conductivity measurements. Electrical conductivity in ionic solids occurs by the motion of ions through vacancies or of interstitial ions. In the case of motion through vacancies, the conductivity, a, is given by... 

Ionic thermocurrent -for silver halide gram [PHOTOGRAPHY] (Vol 18)... 

Van Weperen et al. [1977] noted that in fluorite-structure materials the dielectric and ionic thermocurrent peaks broadened with increasing concentration of dipoles (for example Johnson et al. [1969]) and developed a theory of dipole-dipole interactions which predicted an almost Gaussian distribution of activation energies ... 

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