Effects on human performance

The effects of chronic sleep deprivation or cumulative minor sleep losses have been relatively under investigated. Little is known about the relationships among the size of the sleep deficit, its rate of accumulation, the amount and timing of optimum recovery sleep, and their effect on human performance and productivity. 

Heishman SJ, Taylor RC and Henningfield JE (1994). Nicotine and smoking A review of effects on human performance. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2, 345-395. 

Knnsman, G.W., Manno, J.E., Manno, B.R., Kunsman, C.M., Przekop, M.A. The use of microcomputer-based psychomotor tests for the evaluation of benzodiazepine effects on human performance a review with emphasis on temazepam. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 34, 289-301, 1992. 

Logan BK (2002) Methamphetamine-effects on human performance and behavior. Forensic Sd Rev 14 133-151... 

Kieras, D. (1992). Diagrammatic display for engineered systems effects on human performance in interacting with malfunctioning systems. International Journal on Man-Machine Studies, 36, 861-895. 

Taylor HL and Orlansky J (1987). The effects on human performance due to wearing protective clothing for chemical warfare implications for training. Report P-2026. Alexandria, VA, USA Institute for Defence Analysis. 

Martin, and A. Rodgman Effect of treatment of tobacco with ammonia or various ammonium salts on the levels of pyridines and pyrazines in smoke RDR, 1976, No. 3, January 29, see www.ijrtdocs.com 501003985 -4047. Mizusaki, S., Y. Tanabe, M. Noguchi, and E. Tamaki Phytochemical studies on tobacco alkaloids. XIV. The occurrence and properties of putrescine V-methyltransferase in tobacco roots Plant Cell Physiol. 12 (1971) 633-640. Mozayani, A. Phencychdine Effects on human performance and behavior, Eorensic Sd. Rev. 15 (2002) 61-73. Pailer, M. Chemistry of nicotine and related compounds (including biosynthetic aspects) in Tobacco alkaloids and related compounds, edited by U.S. Von Euler, MacMillan, New York, NY (1965) pp. 15-36. Pictet, A. and A. Rotschy Synthese des Nikotins [Synthesis of nicotine] Chem. Ber. 37 (1904) 1225-1235. 

Bird KD, Boleyn T, Chesher GB, Jackson DM, Starmer GA, Teo RKC. Intercannabinoid and cannabinoid-ethanol interactions and their effects on human performance. Psychopharmacology (Bed) (19 0) 71, 181-8. 

This suggests that downsizing and the associated reorganization can have an adverse effect on human performance. 

Environment (Chapter 13)—Control room environment refers to the prevailing ambient conditions, such as temperature, air quality, lighting, acoustics, vibration, interior design, and aesthetics, that are likely to have an effect on human performance in 24/7 operations. The example shows how measurements were taken on all six of these environmental factors at the workstations in a control room to see if they conformed to BS/EN/ISO 11064-6 (Ergonomic Design of Control Centers Environmental Requirements for Control Centers). 

Many sophisticated models and correlations have been developed for consequence analysis. Millions of dollars have been spent researching the effects of exposure to toxic materials on the health of animals the effects are extrapolated to predict effects on human health. A considerable empirical database exists on the effects of fires and explosions on structures and equipment. And large, sophisticated experiments are sometimes performed to validate computer algorithms for predicting the atmospheric dispersion of toxic materials. All of these resources can be used to help predict the consequences of accidents. But, you should only perform those consequence analysis steps needed to provide the information required for decision making. 

Most of the research on the effects of these stressors on human performance has been done on simple laboratory tasks rather than actual work situations. As a result, the extent that such findings can carry over to tasks in the CPI is debatable. In addition, most of these studies have examined the effect of a single stressor (e.g., noise or heat) only, rather than the combined effect. Nevertheless, some useful guidelines about optimal levels of these stressors are available in the ergonomics literature (e.g., McCormick and Sanders, 1983 Salvendy, 1987). 

The impact of the system design on human performance should be examined during this phase. The designer should consider whether or not the operator will be able to keep the system operating correctly under normal conditions and is he or she able to effectively handle unusual conditions, returning them to normal operating conditions. Observation of persormel and discussions with them are effective ways that should be employed in this phase. Where necessary, appropriate modifications should be made to the system to ensure proper performance. 

In summary, although the available reproductive studies indicate that endosulfan has no adverse effects on reproductive performance in animals, severe adverse effects on male reproductive organs have been seen in rats and mice. This apparent discrepancy needs to be resolved with further research. Endosulfan may potentially cause reproductive toxicity in humans. 

Clubley, M., Bye, C. E., Henson, T. A., Peck, A. W. and Riddington, C. J., Effects of caffeine and cyclizine alone and in combination on human performance, subjective effects and EEG activity. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 7 157-63, 1979. 

Hammond, B. R., B. R. Wooten et al. (2001). Carotenoids in the retina and lens Possible acute and chronic effects on human visual performance. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 385(1) 41—46. 

Chait LD and Pierri J (1992). Effect of smoked marijuana on human performance A critical review. In A Murphy and J Bartke (eds), Marijuana/Cannabinoids Neurobiology and... 

Crowley JS, Wesensten N, Kamimori G, Devine J, Iwanyk E and Balkin T (1992). Effect of high terrestrial altitude and supplemental oxygen on human performance and mood. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 63, 696-701. 

Lieberman HR, Wurtman RJ, Emde GC, Roberts C and Coviella LG (1987). The effects of low doses of caffeine on human performance and mood. Psychopharmacology, 92, 308-312. 

One of the most important impacts identified in Po river basin was the loss of water quality as consequence of the extended use of agrochemicals. These compounds are of high concern since they are responsible for adverse effects on human health and the environment. The risk associated with each substance is evaluated during its authorisation process. However, it is not possible to assess the cumulative effects of all the agrochemicals currently in use. Within this scenario, it is mandatory to perform constant measurement of such substances. 

However, under dry-weather conditions that may occur around 95% of the time in many countries, chemical and biological sewer processes may exert pronounced effects on sewer performance and on the interaction between the sewer and subsequent treatment processes. Possibly, because researchers and operators interests have been devoted to wet-weather conditions, the biological and chemical performances of a sewer, i.e., the sewer as a chemical and biological reactor, have not been of great concern. It is, however, apparent that the sewer cannot be neglected as a chemical and biological process system. These processes may have impacts on the sewer itself, the treatment plant, the environment and the humans in direct or indirect contact with the sewer. 

Franks FIM, Flagedorn FI, Flensley VR, Flensley WJ, Starmer GA. (1975). The effect of caffeine on human performance, alone and in combination with ethanol. Psychopharmacologia. 45(2) 177-81. Franks P, Flarp J, Bell B. (1989). Randomized, controlled trial of clonidine for smoking cessation in a primary care setting. JAMA. 262(21) 3011-13. 

Fourtillan JB, Brisson AM, Girault J, Ingrand I, Decourt JP, Drieu K, Jouenne P, Biber A. (1995). [Pharmacokinetic properties of bilobalide and ginkgolides A and B in healthy subjects after intravenous and oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761)]. Therapie. 50(2) 137-44. Frewer U. (1990). The effect of betel nut on human performance. PNG MedJ. 33(2) 143-5. 

Elkin EH, Freedle RO, Cott HP Van, Fleishman EA Effects of drugs on human performance. The effects of scopolamine on... 

---