Recovery sleep

The effects of chronic sleep deprivation or cumulative minor sleep losses have been relatively under investigated. Little is known about the relationships among the size of the sleep deficit, its rate of accumulation, the amount and timing of optimum recovery sleep, and their effect on human performance and productivity. 

Sleep-related VLPO neurons exhibit increased discharge within NREM during recovery sleep after deprivation, and their discharge rates were correlated with the amount of SWA within sleep episodes (Szymusiak et al., 1998). Thus, VLPO-type sleep-active neurons may directly control the SW content of the NREM EEG, presumably by suppressing arousal systems. 

Increased numbers of POA GABAergic neurons exhibited c-Fos IR during recovery sleep following deprivation. 

Angara, C., Gong, H., Stewart, D. R. et al. (2004). Activation of distributed POA GABAergic neurons during recovery sleep. Soc. Neurosci. Abstr. 34, 895.10. 

As early as in 1909, it was recognized that some chemical factor in the brain was responsible for recovery sleep. Cerebrospinal fluid (Legendre Pieron, 1911) or brain extract (Ishimori, 1909) from sleep-deprived dogs resulted in excess sleep when infused into the cerebral ventricles of recipient animals. The fact that the material was ineffective if heated or ultrafiltered pointed to a protein or peptide as sleep factor (Legendre Pieron, 1911). Later studies have... 

Figure 12.1 Extracellular adenosine concentrations in different brain areas, measured with in vivo microdialysis from cats during sleep deprivation (6 h gentle handling) and recovery sleep. Concentrations are given as a percentage of pre-deprivation values. BF, basal forebrain CX, cingulate cortex TH, VA/VL nucleus of thalamus POA, preoptic hypothalamic area DRN, dorsal raphe nucleus PPT, pedunculopontine nucleus. In BF and CX adenosine rises during sleep deprivation, but starts to decline during deprivation in CX, whereas the decline occurs during recovery in the BF. In other areas there is no accumulation during sleep deprivation. Modified from Porkka-Heiskanen et al. (2000).

Alanko, L Stenberg, D. Porkka-Heiskanen, T. (2003b). Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBMPR) binding and nucleoside transporter ENT1 mRNA expression after prolonged wakefulness and recovery sleep in the cortex and basal forebrain of rat. J. Sleep Res. 12 (4), 299-304. 

Beaumont, M., Batejat, D., Coste, O. et al. (2005). Recovery after prolonged sleep deprivation residual effects of slow-release caffeine on recovery sleep, sleepiness and cognitive functions. Neuropsychobiology 51 (1), 16-27. 

It is now widely recognized that a number of sleep manipulations improve the symptoms of depression (Gillin 1983 Leibenluft and Wehr 1992). These include total and partial sleep deprivation, selective deprivation of REM sleep, and phase shifting of the sleep-wake cycle. Total and partial sleep deprivation induce an immediate improvement in about 60% of depressed subjects, but this effect is typically reversed by subsequent sleep. If total sleep deprivation is combined with antidepressant medication, starting on the day prior to the sleep deprivation, this sometimes prevents relapse after the recovery sleep (Elsenga and van... 

Wurts S. W., Edgar D. M. (2000). Caffeine during sleep deprivation sleep tendency and dynamics of recovery sleep in rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 65, 155-62. 

This process is readily reversed by abstinence, hollowing an acute overdose of alcohol, recovery sleep is often deep, refreshing, and full of dreams. This rebound effect is typical of any intervention that temporarily impedes REM. The physiological payback is prompt and precise. But the process is perpetuated—and aggravated—by repeated alcohol use. Hair of the dog is the quasi-homeopathic slogan tied to drinking that... 

The MSLT has been utilized in many studies to examine the effects of sleep deprivation on daytime sleepiness. As described earlier, Carskadon and Dement (11) performed the first MSLT study to test the effects of two nights of sleep loss in six young subjects. The scores fell to about 1 min at 0600 on the first night of sleep loss and remained at similarly low values throughout the sleep loss period. After one night of recovery sleep the scores remained significantly below baseline levels, which were not achieved until after the second recovery night. 

Carskadon MA, Acebo C, Seifer R. Extended nights, sleep loss, and recovery sleep in adolescents. Arch Itali Biol 2001 139 301-312. 

Inherent in RTC Ops is the associated sleep and circadian disruption that makes the opportunities for recovery sleep very important. Therefore, time off is an important scheduling issue to zero out any accumulated sleep debt and potentially stabilize any circadian disruption. It is critical that these recovery opportunities are both predictable and protected. Individuals working RTC Ops can plan for recovery sleep if the opportunity can be anticipated. Therefore, protecting the recovery opportunity from interruptions, whether work- or home-... 

Reynolds CF, Kupfer DJ, Hoch CC, Stack JA, Houck PR, Berman SR. Sleep deprivation in healthy elderly men and women effects on mood and on sleep during recovery. Sleep 1986 9 492-501. 

Penetar DM, Sing H, Thome D, Thomas M, Fertig J, Schelling A, Sealock J, Newhouse PA, Belenky G. Amphetamine effects on recovery sleep following total sleep deprivation. Hum Psychopharmacol 1991 6 319-323. 

Caldwell JA, Caldwell JL. Recovery sleep and performance following sleep deprivation with dextroamphetamine. J Sleep Res 1997b 6 92-101. 

Buguet A, Montmayeur A, Pigeau R, Naitoh P. Modafinil, 4-amphetamine, and placebo during 64 hours of sustained mental work. II. Effects on two nights of recovery sleep. J Sleep Res 1995 4 229-241. 

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