Effects of anoxia

Most reported cases of chronic cyanide poisoning involve workers with a mixture of repeated acute or subacute exposures, making it unclear whether symptoms resulted simply from multiple acute exposures with acute intoxication or from prolonged, chronic exposure. Some symptoms persisted after cessation of such exposures, perhaps because of the effect of anoxia from inhibition of cytochrome oxidase. Symptoms from chronic exposure are similar to those reported after acute exposures, such as weakness, nausea, headache, and vertigo. A study of 36 former workers in a silver reclaiming facility chronically exposed to cyanide demonstrated some residual symptoms 7 or more months after cessation of exposure frequent headache, eye irritation, easy fatigue, loss of appetite, and epistaxis occurred in at least 30% of these workers. ... 

Ottey, K.A. Munday, M.R. Calvert, D.T. Clegg, R.A. Effect of anoxia on acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity possible role for an AMP-activated protein kinase. Biochem. Soc. Trans., 17, 350-351 (1989)... 

The vitamin has been shown to be able to protect animals from the lethal effects of anoxia and hypoxia. Rats [189] and rabbits [190] fed on vitamin-E-supple-mented diets survived longer in hypoxia than non-supplemented animals. A similar protective effect has been demonstrated in vitro with cardiac muscle [ 167]. In hypoxic Langendorff-perfused rabbit heart, the presence of vitamin E protected the muscle from the deleterious effects of hypoxia, possibly by improving mitochondrial function [168]. However, in clinical studies, the use of vitamin E in ischaemic heart disease has met with little success [191, 192], although the results have been controversial [193]. 

Bianchi, T.S., Johansson, B., and Elmgren, R. (2000a) Breakdown pf phytoplankton pigments in Baltic sediments effects of anoxia and loss of deposit-feeding macrofauna. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 251, 161-183. 

Yoshida T., Hayashl K., and Toko K. 1988. The effect of anoxia on the spatial pattern of electric potential formed along the root. Ann. Bot. 62 497. 

The results of experiments to be described below appear to show that anoxia and cell poisons which inhibit respiratory chain phosphorylation stimulate uptake of glucose by muscle and that under suitable conditions respiration of fatty acids and ketone bodies can lead to inhibition of glucose uptake. Since fatty acids and ketone bodies are oxidized by mitochondria and since the effects of anoxia and of these cell poisons will be exerted principally on mitochondrial metabolism it seems reasonable to accept these findings as common evidence for a regulatory effect of mitochondrial metabolism on glucose uptake. It is recognized that this concept is provisional until such time as the mechanism of this regulation has been established. 

Effects of Anoxia and Inhibitors of Respiratory Chain Phosphorylation... 

The kinetics of the effect of anoxia on membrane transport and phosphorylation of glucose in perfusexl hearts from normal and alloxan diabetic rats have been analyzed in detail by Morgan et al. (1961a,b). In hearts from normal or diabetic rats, anoxia decreased the apparent Km oi transport... 

The effects of anoxia on glucose phosphorylation in hearts from alloxan-diabetic rats have been studied by Morgan et al. (1959b). Anoxia accelerated glucose phosphorylation in the diabetic heart as it does in the normal heart, and the rate attained was approximately 80% of that of the normal heart under anaerobic conditions. Sinc.e glucose phosphorylation was stimulated by anoxia, it seems reasonable to regard the phosphorylation system principally as inhibited rather than deficient in enzyme content. 

Jiang, Q.S. 2003. Effects of anoxia and/or aglycaemia on the release of free calcium and amino acids from rat brain synaptosomes. Journal of Pediatric Pharmacy 9(4) 8-10. 

General. The purpose of the medical procedures outlined in the standard is to establish a baseline for future health monitoring. Persons unusually susceptible to the effects of anoxia or those with anemia would be expected to be at increased risk. In addition to emphasis on the CNS, respiratory and gastro-intestinal systems, the cardiovascular system, liver, and kidney function should also be stressed. 

Drug Evaluation - The methods now used for the evaluation of antlradlatlon drugs have been summarized. The complexities that arise In the use of whole animals as test systems are as prevalent here as In other areas of pharmacology. For example, the failure of some Investigators to maintain an adequate supply of oxygen detracts from the validity of their work because of the radioprotective effect of anoxia. The test system Is an Important a variable as the physical quality of the radiation used. Earlier assertions that the radlosensltlvlty of rats depended on the time of day at which they were irradiated have now been disputed. The radioresistance of hibernatlM ground squirrels, first reported over ten years ago, is now understood. 15,16... 

Snowdowne, K.W. Freudenrich, C.C. Borle, A.B. The effects of anoxia on cytosolic free calcium, calcium fluxes, and cellular ATP levels in cultured kidney cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1985, 260,11619-11626. 

Strosznajder J, Domanska-Janik K. Effect of anoxia and hypoxia on brain lipid metabolism. Neurochem Res 1980 5 583-589. 

Doll CJ, Hochachka PW, Reiner PB. Effects of anoxia and metabolic arrest on turtle and rat cortical neurons. Am J Physiol 1991 260 R747-R755. 

Medical Surveillance Preplacement and periodic evaluations should include a complete history with emphasis on the history of fainting spells that may be a result of a cardiovascular or a nervous disorder and also notations of those conditions that may create a susceptibility to the effects of anoxia or anemia. Physical examinations should emphasize the cardiovascular, nervous, and upper respiratory systems, along with the thyroid. Because cyanide is a defatting agent and can cause dermatitis on prolonged exposure, the skin should also be examined during these evaluations. 

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