Effect of chitosan

Similarly, the effectiveness of chitosan and short hypobaric treatments, alone or in reciprocal combination, to control storage decay of sweet cherries, was investigated over 2 years. In combined treatments, sweet cherries were dipped in 1.0% chitosan and then exposed to 0.50 and 0.25 atm, or sprayed with chitosan (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0%) 7 days before harvest and exposed to 0.50 atm soon after harvest. A combined treatment with 1.0% chitosan and 0.50 atm was the best in controlling decay, showing in the first year, a synergistic effect in the reduction of brown rot and total rots [238]. 

When examining this kind of data, one reahzes how difficult is to make general statements on the effects of chitosans on the cells another example is the antimicrobial effect of chitosans that varies with molecular size, degree of substitution and other parameters depending on the particular microorganism considered. 

Borchard, G. LueBen, H.L. deBoer, A. G. Verhoef, J. C. Lehr, C.-M. Junginger, H.E., The potential of mucoadhesive polymers in enhancing intestinal peptide drug absorption. Ill Effects of chitosan-glutamate and carbomer on epithelial tight junctions in vitro, j. Control. Rel. 39, 131-138 (1996). 

Senel S, Kremer MJ, Kas S, Wertz PW, Hincal AA, Squier CA (2000) Enhancing effect of chitosan on peptide drug delivery across buccal mucosa. Biomaterials 21 2067-2071... 

Artursson P, Lindmark T, Davis SS, Blum L (1994) Effect of chitosan on the permeability of monolayers of intestinal epithelial cells (Caco-2). Pharm Res 11 1358-1361. 

Ranaldi G, Marigliano I, Vespignani I, Perozzi G, Sambuy Y (2002) The effect of chitosan and other polycations on tight junction permeability in the human intestinal Caco-2 cell line. J Nutr Biochem 13 157-167... 

Tozaki, H., Fujita, T., Odoriba, T., Terabe, A., Okabe, S., Muranishi, S., and Yamamoto, A., Validation of a pharmacokinetic model of colon-specific drug delivery and the therapeutic effects of chitosan capsules containing 5-aminosalicylic acid on 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesul-phonic acid-induced colitis in rats, J. Pharm. Pharmacol, 51 1107-1112 (1999). 

LeHoux and Grondin (1993) investigated the effects of chitosan on plasma and liver cholesterol levels, liver weight, and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase in rats fed on a sterol diet (1% cholesterol and 0.2% cholic acid). Chitosan at a level of 5% lowered plasma and liver cholesterol levels by 54% and 64%, respectively. High MW chitosan (>750 kDa) had less hypocholesterolemic potential than that of 70 kDa. 

Shigemasa, Y. (1993). Effects of chitosan on wound healing. In "Carbohydrates and... 

The immunostimulating activity of chitosan has also been reported. A 70% DD chitosan showed immunostimulating effects by activating macrophages and natural killer cells in rats when infected with . coli and Sendai virus (Nishimura et al., 1984). Chang et al. (2004) also reported the immune-enhancing effects of chitosan as a novel adjuvant to an inactivated influenza vaccine, and the antibody content in serum remarkably increased the antiviral defenses of mice. 

Allan, G. R. and Hadwiger, L. A. (1979). The fungicidal effect of chitosan on fungi of varying cell wall composition. Exp. Mycol. 3, 285-287. 

Hirano, S. and Nagao, N. (1989). Effects of chitosan, pedic acid, lysozyme and chitinase on the growth of several phytopathogens. Agric. Biol. Chem. 53, 3065-3066. 

Liu, J. N., Xia, W. S., and Zhang, J. L. (2008a). Effects of chitosans physico-chemical properties on binding capacities of lipid and bile salts in vitro. Chin. Food Sci. 29, 45 9. 

Yao, H. T. and Chiang, M. T. (2006). Effect of chitosan on plasma lipids, hepatic lipid and fecal bile acid in Hamsters. J. Food Drug Anal. 14,183-189. 

F ig. 3. Inhibitory effect of chitosan on gastro intestinal toxicity... 

Fig. 8. The preventive effects of chitosan on doxorubicin-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in sarcoma 180-beanng mice, a) small intestine weight b) sucrase activity in small intestinal mucosa.

Chuah, A.M., Kuroiwa, T., Kobayashi, I., Nakajima, M. (2009). Effect of chitosan on the stability and properties of modified lecithin stabilized oil-in-water monodisperse emulsion prepared by microchannel emulsification. Food Hydrocolloids, 23, 600-610. 

Portero A, Remunanlopez C, Vilajato JL. Effects of chitosan and chitosan glutamate enhancing the dissolution properties of the poorly water soluble drug nifedipine. Int J Pharm 1998 175 75-84. 

Dodane, V., M. Amin Khan, and J.R. Merwin. 1999. Effect of chitosan on epithelial permeability and structure. Int J Pharm 182 21. 

Chitosan is a cationic polysaccharide produced from the deacetylation of chitin, a component of crab and shrimp shells [7,57,58], Chitin is composed of units of 2-deoxy-2-(acetylamino) glucose joined by glycosidic bonds that form a linear polymer. Ilium et al. [7,57,58] demonstrated the ability of chitosan to increase the bioavailability of insulin and other small peptides and polar macromolecules in different animal models. In both the sheep and rat models, the addition of chitosan at concentrations of 0.2%-0.5% to nasal formulations of insulin resulted in significant increases in plasma insulin and reductions in blood glucose. Reversibility studies indicated that the effect of chitosan on the nasal absorption of insulin... 

Hinchcliffe, M., I. Jabbal-Gill, and A. Smith. 2005. Effect of chitosan on the intranasal absorption of salmon calcitonin in sheep. J Pharm Pharmacol 57 681. 

Di Colo, G., et al. 2004. Effect of chitosan and of IV-carboxymethylchitosan on intraocular penetration of topically applied ofloxacin. Int J Pharm 273 37. 

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