Economizers environmental benefits

There are profound opportunities for both industiy and the individual to prevent the generation of waste indeed, pollution prevention is today primarily stimulated by economics, legislation, liabihty concerns, and the enhanced environmental benefit of managing waste at the source. The Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 has estabhshed pollution prevention as a national policy, declaring that waste should be prevented or reduced at the source wherever feasible, while pollu-... 

In summary, heat-driven cycles for cooling or heat pumping can have energy saving and environmental benefits. There are also niche applications in developing countries or remote areas. Adsorption cycles using active carbons are one of a number of approaches that might be economically viable. 

Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. The primary treatment technologies afforded to this manufacturing include the following ... 

Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. The following production-related targets can be achieved by measures such as those described above. The numbers relate to the production processes before the addition of pollution control measures. In sulfuric acid plants that use the double-contact, double absorption process, emissions levels of 2 to 4 kilograms of sulfur dioxide... 

A pesticide manufacturing plant should prepare a hazard assessment and operability study and also prepare and implement an emergency preparedness and response plan that takes into account neighboring land use and the potential consequences of an emergency. Measures to avoid the release of harmful substances should be incorporated in the design, operation, maintenance, and management of the plant. Implementation of cleaner production processes and pollution prevention measures can yield both economic and environmental benefits. 

Probably the most prominent property of an ionic liquid is its lack of vapor pressure. Transition metal catalysis in ionic liquids can particularly benefit from this on economic, environmental, and safety grounds. 

Not all decisions are made on the basis of economics alone. Consumers choose capital investments on the basis of efficiency, aesthetics and perceived benefits. An important environmental benefit of hybrid cars is the reduction in emissions. This is of particular relevance to an environmentally conscious consumer, and may shift the choice even though the benefit to the consumer is difficult to measure m dollars. 

The description of the association of heterocychc chemistry and microwave irradiation has also shown that performing microwave-assisted reactions should be considered with special attention. A few of these considerations can be applied generally for conducting microwave-assisted reactions and include the following (a) the ratio between the quantity of the material and the support (e.g., graphite) or the solvent is very important (b) for solid starting materials, the use of solid supports can offer operational, economical and environmental benefits over conventional methods. However, association of liquid/solid reactants on solid supports may lead to uncontrolled reactions which may result in worse results than the comparative conventional thermal reactions. In these cases, simple fusion of the products or addition of an appropriate solvent may lead to more convenient mixtures or solutions for microwave-assisted reactions. 

Zeolite A is by far the most widely produced synthetic zeolite, with an annual production of some 1.3 million tonnes. As may be expected from this large volume its main use is not as a catalyst but as a detergent builder (Box 4.2). Since about 1970 the use of zeolite catalysts has provided huge economic and environmental benefits to the bulk chemical and petroleum refining industries. 

Producing, processing, transporting and disposing of these materials creates massive pollution. Reducing material intensity gives an immediate environmental benefit, and the potential for a significant economic benefit. 

Resource efficient syntheses and production processes of fine chemicals contribute significantly to sustainable development. This has also been pointed out in Agenda 21 Promote efficient use of materials and resources, taking into account the life cycles of products, in order to realize the economic and environmental benefits of using resources more efficiently and producing fewer wastes (Agenda 21, Chapter 9.18). 

As mentioned earlier, a major cause of high costs in fine chemicals manufacturing is the complexity of the processes. Hence, the key to more economical processes is reduction of the number of unit operations by judicious process integration. This pertains to the successful integration of, for example, chemical and biocatalytic steps, or of reaction steps with (catalyst) separations. A recurring problem in the batch-wise production of fine chemicals is the (perceived) necessity for solvent switches from one reaction step to another or from the reaction to the product separation. Process simplification, e.g. by integration of reaction and separation steps into a single unit operation, will provide obvious economic and environmental benefits. Examples include catalytic distillation, and the use of (catalytic) membranes to facilitate separation of products from catalysts. 

Demonstrating the financial and economic advantages and environmental benefits of such a program... 

Keywords Environmental economics, Cost-benefit analysis, Chemical additives... 

Mullen JD, Norton GW, Reaves DW (1997) Economic analysis of environmental benefits of integrated pest management. J Agric Appl Econ 29 243-253. Available on line at http //agecon-search.umn.edu/handle/123456789/21053... 

In general it is not possible to develop a complete treatment scenario that is optimal technically, financially and also with respect to environmental sustainability. A solution has to be found which is economically and technically feasible and also satisfies the criteria of environmental sustainability to the greatest possible extent. An additional criterion for the selection of a complete closed loop water system can be obtained if the net environmental benefits are compared with the extra costs of the closed loop system. In this way the extra environmental benefits per unit investment costs or operating costs can be calculated. In the final selection of a closed loop water system aspects dealing with acceptability and public environmental awareness also play an important role. 

One weakness of the developed model approach is the central, one-dimensional optimisation that assumes the same target function for all participants. The model identifies possible economic and environmental benefits of a hydrogen infrastructure build-up by determining the global optimum for the whole system instead of the... 

W. Mabee, Economic, Environmental and Social Benefits of 2ni Generation Biofuels in Canada, BIOCAP Canada March 2006. (http //www.biocap.ca/rif/report/ Mabee W.pdf). 

The economic and environmental benefits of the Ruhrchemie-Rhone-Poulenc process have been closely scrutinized since the plant has been in operation. 

In the field of fine chemical synthesis there is an urgent need to substitute the cleaner technologies for the old polluting ones. It is hoped that the large economic and environmental benefits brought by the recently developed catalysis processes—acetylation of anisole and of veratrole, Beckmann rearrangement, and so forth—will initiate great strides in this field. 

Site cleanup is very expensive. One of the reasons why phytoremediation is of extreme interest is the cost factor and the apparent benefits. If phytoremediation cannot be accomplished on certain sites, the alternative solutions can be quite expensive. The development of phytoremediation technology is being encouraged because of the economic and environmental benefits. 

The fact that regulations required users of PERC to meet emission limits, ratherthan substitute PERC by investing in alternative technology, meant that few dry cleaners were bold enough to convert to new methods. A variety of safer substitutes have existed for over a decade that the Canadian and US governments have independently monitored. Both studies confirmed the economic and environmental benefits and technical feasibility of these alternatives. 

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