Pest management, integrated

With increasing awareness of the side effects of pesticides and the increasing number of cases of pesticide resistance, integrated pest management (IPM) is an important method of pest control. IPM involves using cultural methods of control combined with the use of pesticides. Pesticide use is minimised in an attempt to protect and enhance the activities of beneficial insects (natural enemies and polhnating insects) and extend the life of the pesticides that are available. 

Economic thresholds have been calculated for many pests and are an important tool in IPM. An eeonomie threshold is the population of pests which if controlled will give a yield return that will pay for the cost of pesticide and application. Where available these have been ineluded in Table 7.1. Another important tool to help with deeision making for appheation of a pesticide is the use of forecasts of pest populations. A number of oiganisations run forecasting services for some important crop pests sueh as eutworm, pea moth and carrot fly. These forecasts combined with erop monitoring and use of traps including pheromone traps can all help to reduee the requirement for pestieide applications. 

When pestieides must be apphed the most selective should be chosen and applied at the eorreet time and dose rate. It is important to vaiy the mode of action of pesticides used in order to slow down the development of resistance. 

Adult Brown, 6-12mm long Larva Growing to 25 mm long, yellow orange colour. 

Larvae hatch out during summer from eggs laid just below soil surface, mainly in grassland. The larvae take 4-5 years to mature, and after pupation in the soil, the adults appear in late summer and lay then-eggs the following spring. 

This relatively rapid onset of resistance to many pesticides is another powerful argument for somehow streamlining and reducing the time-scale for the discovery and development of new pesticides. It also provides an incentive to use the integrated pest management approach. 

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Pimentel, D. In Ecological Theory and Integrated Pest Management Practice Kogan, M., Ed. John Wiley 6e Sons New York, NY, 1986 pp. 299-319. 

Parasitic hymenoptera hold promise in integrated pest management schemes, because they parasitize many economically important insect pests in a species-and stage-selective manner. The pheromones and kairomones of the parasitic hymenoptera have been studied for a long time, and there are many examples where there is evidence of chemical mediation of parasitoid behavior. This review emphasizes work done since the last major reviews [11, 12, 42] and, where it is available, on the primary bioassay-guided chemical identification of the semiochemical (Fig. 2 and Tables 3 and 4). 

Adoption of integrated pest management (IPM) has had limited impacts... 

Baker, B. P., Benbrook, C. M., Groth, E., Ill and Benbrook, K. L. (2002). Pesticide residues in conventional, integrated pest management (IPM)-grown and organic foods insights from three US data sets . FoodAddit. Contam., 19(5), 427-446. 

Nelson, E.B., Burpee, L.L. and Lawton, M.B. (1994). Biological control of turfgrass diseases , in Leslie A.R., Handbook of Integrated Pest Management for Turf and Ornamentals, CRC Press/Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, Florida, 409 -27. 

University of Hawaii, Manoa. EXTension ENTOmology UH-CTAHR Integrated Pest Management Program, http //www.extento.hawaii.edu/kbase/crop/Type/c coffe.htm. 2006. 

Integrated pest management Decreases pesticide input Decreases pollution Decreases cost D Addabbo et al. (2009) Deguine et al. (2009) Ferron and Deguine (2009) Holb (2009) Wu and Sardo (2009)... 

Keywords Cultivation Fertilization Indicators Integrated pest management Irrigation Land conservation Organic farming Pest control Sustainable agriculture... 

Way MJ, van Emden HF (2000) Integrated pest management in practice - pathways towards successful application. Crop Prot 19 81-103... 

Nelson EB, Burpee LL, Lawton MB (1994) Biological control of turf-grass diseases. In Leslie AR (ed) Handbook of integrated pest management for turf and ornamentals. Lewis Publishers, Ann Arbor, MI, pp 409-427... 

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