Drinking sodium

These fiuid losses are usually replaced by drinking sodium-free fluids, and this results in a hyponatraemia. Tlie process of acclimatization includes a re-setting of. sodium excretion of the sweat glands, leading to increased heat tolerance. The preventive treatment of this hyponatraemia is with oral salt tablets. 

Saline soils are a problem for plants because the high osmotic potential of the soil solution makes it unavailable for plants. The plant has to expend so much energy to take up water that little energy is left for growth and crop yield. This is similar to the problem of organisms in marine water— all that water and none of it fit to drink. Sodium is toxic to some plants at high concentrations, but for most plants this is a relatively minor problem compared with the restricted water uptake and movement... 

Remove the victim to the open air, and loosen clothing at neck. To counteract chlorine or bromine fumes if inhaled in only small amounts, inhale ammonia vapour or gargle with sodium bicarbonate solution. Afterwards the patient should suck eucalyptus pastilles, or drink warm dilute peppermint or cinnamon essence, to soothe the throat and lungs. 

Cellulose. The principal stmctural component of plant ceU waUs is ceUulose (qv). The most widely used ceUulose derivative is the sodium salt of carboxymethylceUulose (CMC). It is made by treating ceUulose with sodium hydroxide—chloroacetic acid. CMC is widely used in the food industry in products such as baked goods, icings, symps, gla2es, fro2en dairy products, and dry drink mixes (89). 

Sodium alumiaate is used ia the treatment of iadustrial and municipal water suppHes and the use of sodium alumiaate is approved ia the clarification of drinking water. The FDA approves the use of sodium alumiaate ia steam generation systems where the steam contacts food. One early use of sodium alumiaate was ia lime softening processes, where it iacreases the precipitation of ions contributing to hardness and improves suspended soHds removal from the treated water (17). Sodium alumiaate reacts with siHca to leave very low residual concentrations of siHca ia hot process water softeners. Sodium alumiaate is often used with other chemicals such as alum, ferric salts, clays, and polyelectrolytes, as a coagulant aid (18,19). 

Where free chlorine is present, eg, in drinking water, it is measured on-site, and a crystal (eg, 10 mg/40 mL) of sodium thiosulfate is added to the botde prior to sterilization to convert free chlorine to chloride. 

The growth of demand for benzoic acid is expected to increase at a rate of between 1 and 2% per year (17). Glycol dibenzoate plasticizers have been growing at close to 10% annually for the past several years, in part due to environmental concerns with regard to phthalate plasticizers (qv). The growth of the diet soft drink market has increased the demand for sodium and potassium benzoates (17). 

Sodium and potassium benzoate are substances that may be added direcdy to human food and are affirmed as GRAS (33—35). Benzoic acid and sodium and potassium benzoate are now used as preservatives in such foods as sauces, pickles, cider, fmit juices, wine coolers, symps and concentrates, mincemeat and other acidic pie fillings, margarine, egg powder, fish (as a brine dip component), bottled carbonated beverages, and fmit preserves, jams, and jellies. The popularity of diet soft drinks has led to increased demand for both benzoate salts. 

The use of the potassium salt of benzoic acid is relatively new. Concerns regarding sodium intake and its possible relationship to high blood pressure have caused some soft drink manufacturers to switch to potassium benzoate. 

Sodium chlorite is not Hsted by the USEPA or any regulatory authority as a carcinogen. Studies conducted ia mice and rats did not show an increase in tumors in animals exposed to sodium chlorite in thek drinking water. Sodium chlorite has been found to have mutagenic activity in some in vitro test systems such as the Ames Salmonella reverse mutation assay without the presence of metaboHc activators. The significance of these test results in regard to human health is not clear because of the oxidizing effects of the chlorite ion (149). 

Methybcanthine Diuretics. The mild diuretic effect of drinking coffee, from caffeine, and tea, mainly from theophylline, has been recogni2ed for along time. But the methylxanthines (Table 5) are of very limited efficacy when used as diuretics. The excretion of sodium and chloride ions are increased, but the potassium excretion is normal. Methylxanthines do not alter the urinary pH. Even though the methylxanthines have been demonstrated to have minor direct effects in the renal tubules, it is beUeved that they exert their diuretic effects through increased renal blood flow and GER (71). 

A proposal for a draft standard on the requirements for the internal cathodic protection of fuel tanks has been put forward by a working party entitled Internal cathodic protection of fuel tanks [18]. This contains the following information an electrolyte is produced by dissolving sodium bicarbonate in drinking water with a resistivity not greater than 2000 Q cm. The solution should completely cover the anodes in the tank. 

Traee eontaminants sueh as sodium ehloride, iron and phenols (espeeially if ehlorinated) may also impart a eharaeteristie taste if water is subsequently used for drinking purposes. 

Gaseous CO2 is extensively used to carbonate soft drinks and this use alone accounts for 20% of production. Other quasi-chemical applications are its use as a gas purge, as an inert protective gas for welding, and for the neutralization of caustic and alkaline waste waters. Small amounts are also used in the manufacture of sodium salicylate, basic lead carbonate ( white lead ), and various carbonates such as M2CO3 and M HC03 (M = Na, K, NH4, etc.). One of the most important uses of CO2 is to manufacture urea via ammonium carbamate ... 

The products of this electrolysis have a variety of uses. Chlorine is used to purify drinking water large quantities of it are consumed in making plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Hydrogen, prepared in this and many other industrial processes, is used chiefly in the synthesis of ammonia (Chapter 12). Sodium hydroxide (lye), obtained on evaporation of the electrolyte, is used in processing pulp and paper, in the purification of aluminum ore, in the manufacture of glass and textiles, and for many other purposes. 

Phenol was the first commercial antiseptic its introduction into hospitals in the 1870s led to a dramatic decrease in deaths from postoperative infections. Its use for this purpose has long since been abandoned because phenol burns exposed tissue, but many modern antiseptics are phenol derivatives. Toluene has largely replaced benzene as a solvent because it is much less toxic. Oxidation of toluene in the body gives benzoic acid, which is readily eliminated and has none of the toxic properties of the oxidation products of benzene. Indeed, benzoic acid or its sodium salt (Na+, C6H5COO ions) is widely used as a preservative in foods and beverages, including fruit juices and soft drinks. 

The chlorine used to purify your drinking water was possibly made by electrolyzing molten Nad to produce liquid sodium and gaseous chlorine. 

But you don t have to choose between having sodium benzoate or E. coli bacteria in your soda. Bacteria can be controlled through pasteurization, a process that is used for milk but for some reason not for soft drinks. 

As a buffering agent, sodium citrate helps maintain pH levels in soft drinks. 

Sodium benzoate is used as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial, inhibiting bacteria, molds, and yeasts. The high acid content of the soft drink is necessary for the preservative action. Sodium citrate buffers the acids, so the pH stays low (acidic). It also emulsifies any fats or fat-soluble compounds in the flavorings, keeping them in solution. 

Oxidizing bleaches kill microbes by reacting with cell membranes and cell proteins. The most widely used is sodium hypochlorite for household and hospital uses, and calcium hypochlorite for drinking water and swimming pool disinfecting. 

---