Distributed sensors

Holst G., Glud R. N., Kuehl M., Klimant I., A micro-optode array for fine-scale measurement of oxygen distribution, Sensor Actuat B-Chem 1997 B38 122, and refs, cited. 

R. R. Brooks, C. Griffin, and D. S. Friedlander, Self-organized distributed sensor network entity tracking , International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 207-219, August 2002. 

S. S. Dhillon and K. Chakrabarty, Sensor placement for effective coverage and surveillance in distributed sensor networks, in Proceedings of the IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, New Orleans, USA, March 2003, pp. 1609-1614. 

The chip is a standalone microsensor system that does not need any external measurement equipment for sensor control and readout. The sensor system chip has been connected to a computer via an f C-to-USB converter box, i.e., in this box is a microcontroller that translates the I C format coming from the chip into USB format for the computer or laptop. The power supply of the chip is also provided by the USB connection. The sensor system can be read out directly by a microcontroller and is, therefore, well suited for handheld devices or distributed sensor networks. 

Three-dimensional batteries offer a different approach to the portable power field. In this paper we have presented 3-D designs that emphasize power sources with small areal footprints but do not compromise power and energy density. While this approach may not help solve the power needs for cell phones and laptop computers, it will have a significant impact on current and future generations of microdevices. In particular, distributed sensor networks and wireless communication systems are representative areas where 3-D batteries would be welcomed enthusiastically because the power supplies currently in use are many times the size of the device. 

DESIGN OF DISTRIBUTED SENSOR NETWORKS FOR SECURITY AND DEFENSE... 

Abstract Distributed sensor networks are a new wireless networking... 

Keywords Mobile ad-hoc networks Distributed sensor networks Secure routing Vulnerability Embedded systems Low-power design... 

The transition from desktop computing to embedded systems is associated with price, power and timing constrains. A special class embedded systems, termed distributed sensor networks (DSN), are characterized by extra requirements small size and sufficient battery lifetime. Distributed sensor networks can be alternatively labeled mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). While the term DSN is associated with data acquisition applications, MANET emphasizes mobility and the lack of infrastructure. Distributed sensor networks can be scalable to thousands of nodes that cooperatively perform complex tasks. The interaction between the nodes is based on wireless communication [Kah 00, War 01, Hil 02], Wireless sensor networks (WSN) is yet another synonym. 

There are several, fairly common, security and defense applications based on distributed sensor networks. 

Availability emerges as a top-priority security requirement. A proper implementation has two parts a prompt deployment and a constant ability to sense the environment and forward traffic. In the traditional computer security, secrecy is associated with controlling who gets to read information. In the field of distributed sensor networks, the situation is different. The network itself may act as an intruder. In this case, the size of the nodes becomes an important design metric. Short range, multihop communication is also the prudent course of action. 

Every aspect of distributed sensor networks, from nodes location through computation and communication, must be viewed from the low-power perspective. 

Another axis along which distributed sensor networks can be classified relates to communication. There are two possibilities radio-frequency radiation and optical communication. 

Environment Sensors monitoring air and water quality will be able to provide early warning of pollution events arising at industrial plants, landfill sites, reservoirs, and water distribution systems at remote locations. The environmental nervous system concept likens the rapid access and response capabilities of widely distributed sensor networks to the human nervous system that is, it is able to detect and categorize events as they happen, and organize an appropriate response. 

Simonson et al. [148] demonstrated remote detection of explosives in soil by combining distributed sensor particles with UV/vis fluorescence LIDAR technology. The key to this approach is that the fluorescence emission spectrum of the distributed particles is strongly affected by absorption of nitroaromatic explosives from the surrounding environment. Remote sensing of the fluorescence quenching by TNT or DNT is achieved by fluorescence LIDAR - the emission spectra were excited in field LIDAR measurements by a frequency-tripled Nd YAG laser at 355 nm and the fluorescence collected with a telescope and various detector systems housed in a 10 x 50 trailer. TNT has been detected in the ppm range at a standoff distance of 0.5 km with this system (Fig. 16). An important limitation to this technique is the pre-concentration of the explosives on the sensor particles, which requires the presence of water to facilitate the transport of the explosive from the surface of the soil particles to the sensor particles. 

Tech watch by the Office of Naval Research of novel developments in microfabricated concepts suitable for very small dosage monitoring and multiple, distributed sensor arrays for area or perimeter monitoring. 

Grattan LS, Meggett BT (eds) (2000) Optical fiber sensor technology advanced applications - Bragg gratings and distributed sensors. Kiuwer Academic, Boston... 

As indicated before, about 55.6 million cars and light trucks are manufactured each year. In consequence, each broadly distributed sensor type has a market of... 

Distributed Sensor Networks Research should be directed toward the development of (1) technology necessary to acquire simultaneous position and (2) sensor data from multiple sensors and sensor data fusion and processing algorithms necessary to permit detection and precise location of objects (especially large, deeply buried objects) with rejection of clutter. 

Satellite or airborne passive or active optical instruments Distributed Sensor Networks (Trends and Distributions) Large numbers of relatively inexpensive sensors linked by telecommunication (wireless, fiber optic) networks... 

Both thick- and thin-film versions of a solid state, resistive hydrogen sensor were designed and fabricated at ORNL [69, 70], Both versions of the sensors (25 mm x 25 mm x 0.6 mm) are small enough to be incorporated into hand-held leak detectors or distributed sensor systems for safety monitoring throughout large areas. 

Ghoniem Are you trying to use distributed sensors in filament-based control Kristie No, I am not suggesting that. 

Murayama H, Kageyama K, Naruse H, Shimada A, Uzawa K. Application of fiber-optic distributed sensors to health monitoring for full-scale composite structures. J Intell Mater Syst Struct 2003 14(1) 3—13. http //dx.doi.org/10.1177/... 

We must first ask if it is desirable to attempt to replace all these losses with like-for-like components. If so, we need to strive to make a bionic limb of similar weight embodying anthropomorphic articulations with equally powerful motors and distributed sensors connected back into the wearer s residual neuromuscular system. Or, is it better to accept the losses and redefine the optimal functioning of the new unit of person-plus-technology In many cases, it may be concluded that a wheelchair is the optimal solution for lower limb loss. Even if engineering could provide the bionic solution, which it certainly cannot at present despite huge inroads made into aspects of these demands, there remain additional problems inherent to prosthetic replacements to consider. Of these, the unnatural mechanical interface... 

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