LIDAR measurements

Kasparian, J E. Frejafon, P. Rambaldi, J. Yu, B. Vezin, J. P. Wolf, P. Ritter, and P. Viscardi, Characterization of Urban Aerosols Using SEM-Microscopy, X-Ray, and Lidar Measurements, Atmos. Environ., 32, 2957-2967 (1998). 

LIDAR measurements of stratospheric aerosols (Browell et al., 1990) show that above the frost point, PSCs can be solids, perhaps solid SAT. Pure SAT, which does not form PSCs very efficiently, does not melt until quite high temperatures, about 210-215 K (Middlebrook et al., 1993 Iraci et al., 1995). However,... 

Fig )l. Doppler lidar measurement in wind direction and 1elocilv near an iiirpnn during a storm. While nrruw points in presence of a strong. localized domihiirsi-gusilhini... 

Simonson et al. [148] demonstrated remote detection of explosives in soil by combining distributed sensor particles with UV/vis fluorescence LIDAR technology. The key to this approach is that the fluorescence emission spectrum of the distributed particles is strongly affected by absorption of nitroaromatic explosives from the surrounding environment. Remote sensing of the fluorescence quenching by TNT or DNT is achieved by fluorescence LIDAR - the emission spectra were excited in field LIDAR measurements by a frequency-tripled Nd YAG laser at 355 nm and the fluorescence collected with a telescope and various detector systems housed in a 10 x 50 trailer. TNT has been detected in the ppm range at a standoff distance of 0.5 km with this system (Fig. 16). An important limitation to this technique is the pre-concentration of the explosives on the sensor particles, which requires the presence of water to facilitate the transport of the explosive from the surface of the soil particles to the sensor particles. 

Stratospheric sulfate and other gases were collected by high altitude aircraft and balloons (Gandrud et d., 1983 Mroz et d., 1983 Vedder et d., 1983). These measurements indicated an injection of about 7.6 Tg of sulfate into the global stratosphere. Ground and airborne extinction measurements were also carried out (Clarke et d., 1983 Coulson, 1983 Dutton and De Luisi, 1983 Spinhirne, 1983 Witteborn et d., 1983) as well as comparisons with Lidar measurements (Swissler et d., 1983). Other reports on the initial phases of this phenomenon and attempts at drawing preliminary conclusions have by now appeared some will be mentioned in the following section. 

McCormick M.P., Ground-based and aircraft Lidar measurements and initial results from the SAM II satellite. EOS Trans. AGU , 63, 900 (1982). 

Porter J. N., Horton K., Mouginis-Mark P., Lienert B., Lau E., Sutton A. J., Elias T., and Oppenheimer C. (2002) Sun photometer and lidar measurements of the plume from the Hawaii Kilauea volcano Pu u O o vent estimates of aerosol flux rates and SO2 lifetime. Geophys. Res. Lett. Doi 10.1029/ 2002GL014744 (23 August 2002). 

Perrare R. A., Meffi S. H., Whiteman D. N., Evans K. D., and Leifer R. (1998a) Raman lidar measurements of aerosol extinction and backscattering 1. Methods and comparisons. J. Geophys. Res. 103, 19663-19672. 

With regard to the Lidar measurements, the presence of an OLA slick at the ocean surface caused a decrease in both the Raman backscatter at 381 nm and of the fluorescent bands at 414 and 482 nm, while in the presence of a thick cmde oil spill the Raman depression at 381 nm was accompanied by a simultaneous increase in the longer wavelength bands. During the same overflights a dramatic decrease in the passive microwave L-band signals was observed in the presence of an OLA slick (Blume et al. 1983), while in the presence of a cmde oil spill an increase in the same band is encountered. Unfortunately, a verification of the latter conclusions is still... 

David, D., S. Godin, G. Megie, Y. Emery, and C. Flesia, Physical state and composition of polar stratospheric clouds from airborne lidar measurements during sesame. J Atmos Chem 21, 1, 1997. 

Heaps, W.S., and J.J. McGee, Balloon borne lidar measurements of stratospheric hydroxyl radical. J Geophys Res 86, 5281, 1983. 

Qian, J., and C.S. Gardner, Simultaneous lidar measurements of mesospheric Ca, Na, and temperature profile at Urbana, Illinois. J Geophys Res 100, 7453, 1995. 

Heaps, W. S., and T. J. McGee (1982). Balloon borne lidar measurements of strospheric hydroxyl radicals. Appl. Opt. 21, 2265-2274. 

Fig. 2.83 Historical record (November 1967-October 2009) of the relative change of ozone in three different atmospheric layers measured at the Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeis-senberg until 30 km altitude balloon sonding and above 30 km lidar measurement. The changes are calculated as the difference from the monthly average and the long-term monthly mean (13 month, traversing means). Data from Hans Claude (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD), see also Claude et al. (2008).

The DIAL method makes use of two LIDAR measurements performed within a very short time interval at two different wavelengths. One is chosen to be at a wavelength that is absorbed by the target gas. The... 

TABLE IV Long-Term Ozone Sonde Records and LIDAR Measurements... 

Figure 28.22 Lidar measurements for ethylene (C2H4), recorded on 12 May 2003, displayed together with point-monitored O3 concentration. The dashed lines are provided for guiding the eye. Data adapted from Gonzalez Alonso, PhD thesis (2006)...

Figure 28.27 Aerosol scattering ratio, as a function of altitude, estimated from lidar measurements data recorded on 22 October 1991. Note highest scale value in scattering ratio is 3.8. Data provided courtesy of T. McGee, Goddard Space Flight Centre (2006)...

Estimation of probable shallow landslide blocks by traverse measurement of topsoil Hazard mapping using SSP was demonstrated at a hill slope composed of granite and compared with micro-topography observed by field investigations and LiDAR measurements. 

C. Granier, G. Megie Daytime lidar measurement of the mesospheric sodium layer. Planet Space Sci. 30, 169 (1982)... 

G.J. Megie, G. Ancellet, J. Pelon Lidar measurements of ozone vertical profiles. Appl. Opt. 24, 3454 (1985)... 

O. Uchino, M. Tokunaga, M. Maeda, Y. Miyazoe Differential absorption-lidar measurement of tropospheric ozone with excimer-Raman hybrid laser. Opt. Lett. 8, 347 (1983)... 

---