Diseases typhoid fever

Other viral hemorrhagic fevers Rickettsial diseases Typhoid fever... 

Salmonella infections cause two distinct clinical types, the non-typhoid and typhoid type. Non-typhoid is the commonest type and presents as gastroenteritis, bacteremia or focal disease. Typhoid fever is a systemic infectious disease and follows a more severe and protracted course. 

Indications Damp heat jaundice. Acute hepatitis, hepatic necrosis, cirrhosis, cholecystitis, cholelithiasis, favism, malarial diseases, typhoid fever, leukemia, leptospirosis, nephritis, edema, beriberi, stomatitis, urticaria, pruritus, gingivitis, eye diseases, and uterine bleeding... 

Bacteria are smaller than protozoa and are responsible for many diseases, such as typhoid fever, cholera, diarrhea, and dysentery. Pathogenic bacteria range in size from 0.2 to 0.6 /tm, and a 0.2 /tm filter is necessary to prevent transmission. Contamination of water supplies by bacteria is blamed for the cholera epidemics, which devastate undeveloped countries from time to time. Even in the U.S., E. coli is frequently found to contaminated water supplies. Fortunately, E. coli is relatively harmless as pathogens go, and the problem isn t so much with E. coli found, but the fear that other bacteria may have contaminated the water as well. Never the less, dehydration from diarrhea caused by E. coli has resulted in fatalities. 

Particular strains of salmonellae (section 4.2) such as Sal. typhi, Sal. paratyphi and Sal. typhimurium are able not only to penetrate into intestinal epithelial cells and produce exotoxins but also to penetrate beyond into subepithelial tissues. These organisms therefore produce, in addition to the usual symptoms of salmonellosis, a characteristic systemic disease (typhoid and enteric fever). Following recovery frxm such infection the organism is commonly found associated with the gall bladder, hi this state, the recovered person will excrete the organism and form a reservoir for the infection of others. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Influenza, infectious mononucleosis, hepatitis, leptospirosis, infective endocarditis, malaria, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, ankylosing spondylitis and undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy, collagen vascular disease, chronic fatigue syndrome, malignancy, and osteomyelitis. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Brucellosis, chlamydial pneumonias, infective endocarditis, legionnaires disease, mycoplasma infections, pneumonia, Cox-iella burnetii infection, Francisella tularensis infection, Q fever, tuberculosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, and all atypical pneumonia. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Malaria, typhoid fever, shigellosis, meningococcemia, salmonella infection, other tick-borne diseases, rickettsial infections, leukemia, lupus, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic uremic syndrome, leptospirosis, thrombocytopenic purpura, and idiopathic or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. 

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Anthrax, brucellosis, dengue, ehrlichiosis, infectious mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, leptospirosis, malaria, meningitis, men-ingococcemia, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, syphilis, toxic shock syndrome, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, rubella, measles. 

Field First Aid Brucella is typically an acute, non-specific feverish illness with chills, sweats, headache, fatigue, myalgias, artthralgias, and anorexia (loss of appetite). Cough occurs in 15 to 25 percent of cases but a chest X-ray is usually normal. Complications may include arthritis, sacroiliitis, and vertebral osteomyelitis. Untreated disease may persist for month to years, often with relapses and remissions. Disability may be pronounced, and lethality may approach six percent. Brucellosis may be indistinguishable clinically from the typhoidal form of tularemia (see Guide For Emergency Response for Tularemia) or from typhoid fever itself. 

Other infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, typhoid fever, and erysipelas, may cause delirium, often associated with high fever. The temperature rise (fever) itself alters brain metabolism by affecting different enzyme systems differently. In addition toxic substances produced by infective agents may directly affect metabolic processes. 

In many countries, water is not safe to drink. Untreated water is sometimes polluted with toxic chemicals. It may also carry numerous water-horne diseases, including typhoid fever, cholera, and dysentery. In Canada, the water that comes through your tap has heen through an elaborate purification process. This process is designed to remove solid particles and toxic chemicals, and to reduce the number of bacteria to safe levels. Adding chlorine to water is the most common way to destroy bacteria. 

The disease is caused by a single micro-organism, but its susceptibility to drugs is not predictable, e.g. typhoid fever or mberculosis. 

Unlabeled Uses Treatment of Lyme disease and typhoid fever... 

I Unlabeled Uses Some penicillins, such as amoxicillin, have been used in the treatment of Lyme disease and typhoid fever. 

Typhoid fever is a disease which starts as an infection of the gastrointestinal tract. It is caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. It spreads by ingestion of contaminated food or drink. Normally Salmonella typhi bacterium is inactivated by... 

Bacteria in water are usually thought of in terms of human disease. Indeed, until quite late in the nineteenth century, disastrous outbreaks of waterborne diseases such as cholera, dysentery, and typhoid fever were common in the major cities of the world. The last outbreak of typhoid in the United Kingdom occurred in Croydon in 1937. Serious cholera epidemics still occur in some parts of the world one that began in Peru in 1991 spread to several countries in the Americas, causing 391,000 cases of illness and 4000 deaths that year. 

The first scientific report of an orally transmitted outbreak of Chagas disease in Brazil was made in 1968 (Nery-Guimaraes et ah, 1968). This occurred in the district of Teutonia, municipality of Estrela (Rio Grande do Sul state) in the year 1965, between March 13 and March 22. Seventeen people from an Agricultural School (workers, students, and lecturers that usually had meals there) fell sick. The initial unconfirmed diagnosis was typhoid fever. Other possible diagnoses like infectious hepatitis, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, and food poisoning were also discarded. Then, some of the infected people presented with clinical symptoms of acute myocarditis, and, based on clinical observations,... 

The timing of Muller s discovery insured its early application in the Mediterranean and South Pacific theaters of World War II to eliminate mosquito-vectored diseases malaria, filariasis, dengue fever also typhoid fever, carried by lice and fleas. 

Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a rod-shaped Gram-negative facultative anaerobe and a prominent enteric bacterial pathogen capable of causing food- and water-related diseases. Several serovars of S. enterica are associated with human infection. The principle clinical diseases associated with Salmonella infection are typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. S. enterica serovars Typhi S. Typhi) and Paratyphi (,S. Paratyphi) are pathogenically exclusive for humans and are known to cause typhoid or enteric fever (Ohl and Miller, 2001). Typhoid fever is a systemic infection characterized by the development of fever, abdominal pain, enterocolitis, and occasionally, a maculopapular rash. The hallmark feature of typhoid fever is the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and hypertrophy of the intestinal Peyer s patches and mesenteric lymphoidal tissue (Kraus et al., 1999 Ohl and Miller, 2001). There are approximately 20 million cases of typhoid fever worldwide each year, and this acute and often life-threatening infection is responsible for over 200,000 deaths annually (Crump et al., 2004). 

Queen Victoria had an abscess removed in 1870 under an anaesthetic of ether (diethyl ether, C2H5 O C2H5). She also used the pain killer morphine (plant extract) and an antiseptic containing phenol. In 1861 her husband died of typhoid fever at the age of 42. Today an antibiotic would have easily cleared up this disease. In the nineteenth century a large number of deaths occurred due to bacterial or viral infections. 

Before the connection between disease and sewage-carried pathogens was recognized in the mid-18th century, disastrous epidemics were common. For example, typhoid fever and cholera killed... 

Potential waterborne diseases that follow tsunamis include cholera diarrheal or fecal-oral diseases, such as amebiasis, cryptosporidiosis, cyclosporiasis, giardiasis, hepatitis A and E, leptospirosis, parasitic infections, rotavirus, shigellosis, and typhoid fever animal- or mosquito-borne illness, such as plague, rabies, malaria, Japanese encephalitis, and dengue fever (and the potentially fatal complication dengue hemorrhagic shock syndrome) and wound-associated infections and diseases, such as tetanus. Mental health concerns are another consequence of tsunami events. 

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