Salmonella infections caused

Mahon, B.E., Ponka, A., Hall, W.N., Komatsu, K., Dietrich, S.E., Siitonen, A., Cage, G., Hayes, P.S., Lambert-Fair, M.-A., Bean, N.H., Griffin, P.M. and Slutsker, L. (1997) An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grown from contaminated seeds . Journal of Infectious Diseases, 175, 876-882. 

Griffin PM, Slutsker L. An international outbreak of Salmonella infections caused by alfalfa sprouts grovm from contaminated seeds. J Infect Dis 1997 I75(4) 876-82. 

Salmonella infections cause two distinct clinical types, the non-typhoid and typhoid type. Non-typhoid is the commonest type and presents as gastroenteritis, bacteremia or focal disease. Typhoid fever is a systemic infectious disease and follows a more severe and protracted course. 

The Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in the USA has estimated that Campylobacter and Salmonella are the top two bacterial foodbome pathogens as they are responsible for a total of 2 and 1.3 million foodbome infections every year (Mead et al., 1999). Most of the cases of infection with Campylobacter and Salmonella appear to be due to eggs and poultry, but a significant number of cases are related to beef products (CDC, 2005 Jay, 2000). EHEC does not cause as many infections as the top two pathogens (approximately 100,000 in the USA), but EHEC is frequently linked to outbreaks of diarrhea caused by the consumption of contaminated ground beef (Mead et al., 1999, Rangel et al., 2005). Infections caused by EHEC are the major microbial public health concern related to ruminant food products. 

Many domesticated animals Salmonella infection common cause of food poisoning, which is increasing due to poor hygiene ... 

Typhoid fever a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi... 

NRDC used Salmonella Infections as the model to make their estimates of mortality and morbidity rates. They pointed out that these are conservative estimates (underestimates) because resistance also occurs In other pathogenic bacteria that cause human diseases. Some of the resistance In these other pathogens results from the pool of resistant bacteria In animals, which Is ultimately due In large part to subtherapeutlc use of penicillin and the tetracyclines In animal feeds. 

If presumptive therapy is initiated, perform in vitro sensitivity tests concurrently, so that the drug may be discontinued if less potentially dangerous agents are indicated. Acute infections In acute infections caused by Salmonella typhi, chloramphenicol is a drug of choice. 

Lang, L. (2008). Investigation of outbreak of infections caused by Salmonella Saintpaul. Gastroenterology 135,1440-1441. 

TMP-SMX is also used in the treatment of infection caused by ampicillin-resistant Shigella spp. and for antibiotic-resistant Salmonella spp.. The combination is also effective for covering the carrier state of Salmonella typhi, the agent of typhoid fever, and other Salmonella spp.. Successful treatment of traveler s diarrhea due to susceptible E. coli is another advantage of the use of this combination. The combination is not indicated in the therapy of enterohemorrhagic E. coli strains such as 0157 H7 because of the risk of developing hemolytic-uremic syndrome associated with the release of the cytotoxic enterotoxin by the drugs. 

Used in all types of infection caused by Salmonella typhi, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Pneumocystis carinii etc. and many other sulfonamide resistant stains of S. aureus, Strep, pyogenes, Shigella, E. coli, H. influenzae, meningococci and gonococci etc. It is particularly effective as a second line agent in penicillin allergic patients and also in patients where newer antibiotics are contraindicated or can t be used. 

Other infections caused by E. coli, K. pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Salmonella typhi, N. gonorrhoeae, N. meningitidis, H. influenzae, H. ducreyi, Shilgella, Vibrio cholerae. Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Staph, aureus etc. 

Nitrofurans (NFs) are synthetic chemotherapeutic agents effective in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal infections caused by Escherichia Coli and Salmonella spp. Administered orally, usually as feed additives, they are widely used in treating cows, cattle, pigs, and poultry. 

Salmonella enterica (S. enterica) is a rod-shaped Gram-negative facultative anaerobe and a prominent enteric bacterial pathogen capable of causing food- and water-related diseases. Several serovars of S. enterica are associated with human infection. The principle clinical diseases associated with Salmonella infection are typhoid fever and gastroenteritis. S. enterica serovars Typhi S. Typhi) and Paratyphi (,S. Paratyphi) are pathogenically exclusive for humans and are known to cause typhoid or enteric fever (Ohl and Miller, 2001). Typhoid fever is a systemic infection characterized by the development of fever, abdominal pain, enterocolitis, and occasionally, a maculopapular rash. The hallmark feature of typhoid fever is the presence of mononuclear cell infiltration and hypertrophy of the intestinal Peyer s patches and mesenteric lymphoidal tissue (Kraus et al., 1999 Ohl and Miller, 2001). There are approximately 20 million cases of typhoid fever worldwide each year, and this acute and often life-threatening infection is responsible for over 200,000 deaths annually (Crump et al., 2004). 

Ciprofloxacin is approved for use in the treatment of bone and joint infections, infectious diarrhea caused by Shigella or Campylobacter, lower respiratory tract infections, skin infections, and urinary tract infections. It is the drug of choice for the treatment of infections caused by Campylobacter jejuni. In addition, it has found off-label use as an alternative drug for the treatment of gonorrhea, salmonella, and yersinia... 

Voetsch AC, Van Gilder TJ, Angulo FJ, Farley MM, Shallow S, Marcus R, Cieslak PR, Deneen VC, Tauxe RV (2004) FoodNet estimate of the burden of illness caused by nontyphoidal Salmonella infections in the United States. Clin Infect Dis 38(Suppl 3) S127-S134... 

Chloramphenicol is one of the older broad-spectrum antibiotics. It was introduced in 1948 and grew in popularity because of its high antimicrobial activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, Rickettsiae, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma species. It is particularly useful in infections caused by Salmonella typhi and Haemophilus influenzae. It is mainly bacteriostatic. It readily crosses tissue barriers and diffuses rapidly into nearly all tissues and body fluids. 

There is a serious reduction in the susceptibility of strains of E. coli to amoxicillin (due to R-TEM enzymes), to co-trimoxazole, and to trimethoprim. However, fosfomycin trometamol remains highly active against urinary Enterobacteriaceae, and over 90% of E. coli are susceptible (13). Fosfomycin is as active as fluoroquinolones or better for treating intestinal infections caused by Salmonella species, pathogenic E. coli, Campylobacter species, and Shigella species (14). 

A (IgA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) levels have been shown to be increased with administration of Lactobacillus in piglets and mice (Lessard and Brisson, 1987 Perdigon et al., 1990). These findings suggest that DFMs have the potential to modulate immunity, and their effect on systemic immune response can be used to overcome infections caused by pathogens such as Salmonella that occur in tissues away from the intestinal tract. 

This is particnlarly the case with the non-typhoid, non-paratyphoid enteric salmonella infections. Morbidity and mortality are high in developing countries, particularly in children. Salmonella infection is the commonest food borne disease causing gastroenteritis in developed countries affecting aU ages and particularly patients with immunodeficiency who are at higher risk. 

Food borne diseases may effect a large number of persons in a short time from a common source. Previous outbreaks of Salmonellosis connted thousands of affected persons. Two representative examples of these ontbreaks are the following. In the USA in 1985 contamination of pasteurized milk with Salmonella typhimu-rium caused an outbreak of salmonella infection which affected 170,000 people. Another outbreak in China in 1991, contamination of hquid ice-cream with Salmonella enteritidis affected 224,000 people. 

These measures had some impact on the Salmonella infection rate, but the problem remained, since the causes are multiple and not confined only to contamination of poultry, but also to other foodstuffs, such as clams, vegetables and animal products. 

Typhoid fever is a systemic infection caused by Salmonella enteric, serotype typhi, member of Enterobacteriacae family. It involves the reticuloendothelial system of multiple organs (Parry et al. 2002). 

Salmonella infections have increased recently as common gastroenteritis disease. The clinical manifestation are diarrhoea, fever, abdominal cramps, tenesmus, headache, myalgia and occasionally nausea and vomiting. The contamination of foods can affect many people in USA in 1985 contaminated milk caused a disease in 170,000 person and in China in 1991 224,000 people are affected through a contaminated ice cream. The main reservoir of Salmonella are poultry, eggs and egg products. Serological test may be useful for the diagnosis. 

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