Metabolism brain

Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Begleiter H, et al Regional brain metabolic response to lorazepam in subjects at risk for alcoholism. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 19 510-316, 1995... 

Callender TJ, Morrow L, Subramanian K, et al. 1993. Three-dimensional brain metabolic imaging in patients with toxic encephalopathy. Environ Res 60 259-319. 

Sagar, S. M Sharp, F. R. Curran, T. (1988). Expression of c-fos protein in brain metabolic mapping at the cellular level. Science 240, 1328-31. 

Brody, A.L., Mandelkem, M.A., London, E.D. et al. Brain metabolic changes during cigarette craving. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry. 59 1162, 2002. 

Wang, G.J., Volkow, N.D., Chang, L. et al. Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence. Am. J. Psychiatry. 31 313, 2004. 

THE MALATE-ASPARTATE SHUTTLE HAS A KEY ROLE IN BRAIN METABOLISM 541... 

Since the brain utilizes energy almost exclusively from oxidative metabolism of glucose, brain metabolism has been studied by focusing on net oxygen and glucose uptake. Oxygen consumption was classically measured as the arteriovenous difference of 02 content. When a substance is exchanged between brain and blood, the difference between its steady state of delivery to brain in the arterial blood and removal in the venous blood must be equal to the net rate of its utilization or... 

Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying brain metabolism. 

Using newer instrumentation, such as PET and NMR, it has been shown that energy metabolism is perturbed in defined brain areas in patients with neurological or psychiatric diseases [145, 146]. Detailed information about pathological conditions that adversely affect brain metabolism can be found in many other chapters of this book. For detailed discussions, see respective chapters oxidative... 

Paulson, O. B. Blood-brain barrier, brain metabolism and cerebral blood flow. Eur. Neuropharmacol. 12 495-501, 2002. 

Hasselbalch, S. G., Knudsen, G. M., Capaldo, B. etal. Blood-brain barrier transport and brain metabolism of glucose during acute hyperglycemia in humans. /. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 86 1986-1990, 2001. 

Smith, D., Pernet, A., Hallett, W. A. etal. Lactate a preferred fuel for human brain metabolism in vivo. J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab. 23 658-664, 2003. 

Yudkoff, M. Brain metabolism of branched-chain amino acids. Glia 21 92-98,1997. 

The role of fatty acids as oxidizable fuels for brain metabolism is negligible, but ketone bodies, derived from fatty acid oxidation, can be utilized, particularly in the neonatal period. Diseases of carbohydrate and fatty acid metabolism may affect the brain directly or indirectly [1,10]. 

Prabakaran, S., Swatton, J. E.,Ryan, M.M. etal. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia evidence for compromised brain metabolism and oxidative stress. Mol. Psychiatry, 9 684-697, 2004. 

Brain SPECT of AD patients typically shows bilateral posterior temporal and parietal hypoperfusion. The areas of reduced perfusion are secondary to the reduced brain metabolism in areas of neuronal depletion. This scintigraphic pattern of bilateral decreased posterior parietal-temporal perfusion has a predictive value of greater than 80% for AD [63], The sensitivity and specificity of brain SPECT for the diagnosis of AD are 86% and 96%, respectively [127],... 

Herminghaus, S., Frolich, L., Gorriz, C. et al. Brain metabolism in Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia assessed by in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Psychiat. Res. 123 183-190, 2003. 

Silverman, D. H., Small, G. W., Chang, C. Y. et al. Positron emission tomography in evaluation of dementia regional brain metabolism and long-term outcome. JAMA 286 2120-2127, 2001. 

Hammer, R. P., Jr., Herkenham, M., Pert, C. B., and Quirion, R. (1982) Correlation of regional brain metabolism with receptor localization during ketamine anesthesia Combined autoradiographic 2-(3H)deoxy-D-glucose receptor binding technique. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79 3067-3070. 

We can hardly escape the realization that brain metabolism is both extremely active and extremely important for the well-being and intellectual activity of the organism, and that unless it proceeds in a normal fashion mental health cannot exist. 

Let us consider next some of the factors which are known to influence mental health and how they are related to the problem of the etiology of mental disease and to the subject of brain metabolism. Mental ill health has in general remained a puzzle down through the centuries. To attribute it to demoniacal possession or to psychogenic causes leaves the question shrouded in mystery, and gives an unsatisfactory basis for developing therapeutic or prophylactic measures. 

Other infectious diseases, such as pneumonia, typhoid fever, and erysipelas, may cause delirium, often associated with high fever. The temperature rise (fever) itself alters brain metabolism by affecting different enzyme systems differently. In addition toxic substances produced by infective agents may directly affect metabolic processes. 

---