Sugar direct consumption

Direct consumption sugar, 23 450-451 Direct contact heat exchangers, 13 268 Direct cooler evaporators, 21 537 Direct-coupled plasma (DCF), 25 370 Direct covalent carbon nanotube functionalization, 17 54-55 Direct current (dc) diode sputtering, 24 730-731. See also dc sensing current... 

Raw sugars, especially colonial products, are also sold for direct consumption and these have far lower polarisations and may contain considerable proportions of invert sugar. 

Hydrosulphites are used to bleach the juice, particularly when the object is to manufacture sugars for direct consumption. The sodium salt is known under the name of Blankit and the calcium salt as Redos. These salts act as powerful reducing agents on the colouring matters of the... 

Sulfur dioxide is undesirable if the concentration is above a few parts per million. The delicate color of the fruit is impaired and in some cases the metal of the can is corroded. Direct consumption cane sugars produced by the sulfitation process are usually undesirable for canning but the supply is limited to one section of the country. Sulfur dioxide is used in processing beet sugars but not as a bleach as was the practice earlier in the industry. It is now recognized that a few parts per million of sulfur dioxide added before the evaporation of the thin juice act as an inhibitor to the nonenzymatic browning and result in a sugar with less than 1 p.p.m. of sulfur. In the same manner the starch-conversion producers have been able to eliminate the objectionable hydroxymethyl furfural, an undesirable side reaction product in starch conversion. 

Juices from acidic fruits are usually sweetened by adding sucrose, glucose or fructose. Juices used for furtber processing usually contain chemical preservatives to inhibit fermentation. Some juices from berries and stone fruits, because of tbeir bigb acid content, are not suitable for direct consumption. Addition of sugar and subsequent dilution with water provides fruit nectars or sweet musts (cf. 18.2.9). Since 1990, the per capita consumption of fruit juice and fruit nectar in Germany has been fairly constant at 401. In the case of fruit juices, the products presented in Table 18.39 are predominant. 

Succinyl-CoA derived from propionyl-CoA can enter the TCA cycle. Oxidation of succinate to oxaloacetate provides a substrate for glucose synthesis. Thus, although the acetate units produced in /3-oxidation cannot be utilized in glu-coneogenesis by animals, the occasional propionate produced from oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids can be used for sugar synthesis. Alternatively, succinate introduced to the TCA cycle from odd-carbon fatty acid oxidation may be oxidized to COg. However, all of the 4-carbon intermediates in the TCA cycle are regenerated in the cycle and thus should be viewed as catalytic species. Net consumption of succinyl-CoA thus does not occur directly in the TCA cycle. Rather, the succinyl-CoA generated from /3-oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids must be converted to pyruvate and then to acetyl-CoA (which is completely oxidized in the TCA cycle). To follow this latter route, succinyl-CoA entering the TCA cycle must be first converted to malate in the usual way, and then transported from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytosol, where it is oxida-... 

There is no direct evidence that the consumption of simple sugars is harmful. Contrary to folklore, diets high in sucrose do not lead to diabetes or hypoglycemia. Also contrary to popular belief, carbohydrates are not inherently fattening. They yield 4 kcal/g (the same as protein and less than half that of fat, see Figure 27.5), and result in fat synthesis only when consumed in excess of the body s energy needs. However, there is an association between sucrose consumption and dental caries, particularly in the absence of fluoride treatment. 

The results of the national GHG emission inventory (with 2001 as the last year available) and statistical data for the domestic energy system created the base for calculating CO2 emission from ETS installations. The estimation was based not only on the results of the emission inventory, but also on energy statistics. In case of autoproducers of electricity or heat, their fuel consumption is classified according to the final consumption of a given industrial sector. Emissions were calculated as a sum of emissions from sectors covered by the ETS (e.g. cement) and emission from autoproducers (heating and CHP plants) in sectors not covered directly by Annex I of the Directive (e.g. sugar and chemical industry). 

---