Polychlorinated dioxin

Fierens, S., Mairesse, H., Heilier, J.F., De Burbure, C., Focant, J.F., Eppe, G., De Pauw, E., and Bernard, A., Dioxin/polychlorinated biphenyl body burden, diabetes and endometriosis Findings in a population-based study in Belgium, Biomarkers, 8 (6), 529-534, 2003. 

PCDDs/Fs Polychlorinated dibenzo-/ -dioxins/polychlorinated dibenzofurans... 

NP NPEC OC OP OPEC PCB PCDBT PCDD PCDF PCP PFB RA TCA TCDD TCF TCMTB TOC VSC VOC Nonylphenol Nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylate Organo chlorine Octylphenol Octylphenol ethoxycarboxylate Polychloroinated biphenyls Polychlorinated dibenzothiophene Polychlorin ated dib enzo-p - dioxins Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans Pentachlorophenol Pentafluorobenzyl Resin acids 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole Tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin Totally chlorine- free 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)-benzothiazole Total organic carbon Volatile sulphur compounds Volatile organic compounds... 

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and ortho-unsubstituted polychlorinated biphenyls (non-ortho polychlorobiphenyls) are three structurally and toxicologically related families of anthropogenic chemical compounds that have in recent years been shown to have the potential to cause serious environmental contamination due to their extreme toxicity [77-82], These substances are trace-level components or byproducts in several large-volume and widely used synthetic chemicals, principally polychlorobiphenyls and... 

APolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons BPolychlorinated biphenols cPolychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins Polychlorinated dibenzofurans ELinear alkylbenzenesulphonate... 

IT thermal desorption has been used for several years to demonstrate removal of chlorinated phenols, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), solvents and mercury from soils and sludges. 

M. Shimomura, Y. Nomura, W. Zhang, M. Sakino, K.-H. Lee, K. Ikebukuro and I. Karube, Simple and rapid detection method using surface plasmon resonance for dioxins, polychlorinated biphenylx and at-razine, Anal. Chim. Acta, 434 (2001) 223-230. 

Group of isomers with the same carbon skeleton and number of chlorines, e.g., TeCDDs Rat hepatoma cell line Polychlorinated biphenyls Polychlorinated dibcnzo-p-dioxin Polychlorinated dibenzofuran Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and -furan Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (-furan) Pentachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ( furan) Hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (-furan) Heptachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin ( furan)... 

For chemicals with half-lives of months or years—such as dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyl ethers, and first-generation halogenated insecticides—biomarkers can detect exposures months or even years after they have occurred. Such lipophilic chemicals are usually measured in blood, and the principal exposure source is usually diet. After ingestion, they are readily absorbed into the blood supply blood concentration then decreases rapidly as the blood supply equilibrates with... 

Fig. 8.2 Structures of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated dibenzofuran and polychlorinated biphenyl.

The system for classification and disposal of hazardous chemical waste developed by EPA under RCRA does not apply to all wastes that contain hazardous chemicals. For example, wastes that contain dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), or asbestos are regulated under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). In addition, the current definition of hazardous waste in 40 CFR Part 261 specifically excludes many wastes that contain hazardous chemicals from regulation under RCRA, including certain wastes produced by extraction, beneficiation, and processing of various ores and minerals or exploration, development, and use of energy resources. Thus, the waste classification system is not comprehensive, because many potentially important wastes that contain hazardous chemicals are excluded, and it is not based primarily on considerations of risks posed by wastes, because the exclusions are based on the source of the waste rather than the potential risk. 

Monitoring of dioxins (polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and coplanar PCBs)... 

Ogura, I., Masunaga, S., Nakanishi, J., 2001. Atmospheric deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in the Kanto Region, Japan. Chemosphere 44, 1473-1487. 

The presence of elevated concentrations of POPs, for example, dioxins [polychlorinated dibenzodioxin (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDF)] and PCBs... 

Barring, H., Bucheli, T.D., Broman, D., Gustafsson, 6. (2002) Soot-water distribution coefficients for polychlorinated dibenzo-/ -dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and polybrominated diphenylethers determined with the soot cosolvency-column method. Chemosphere 49, 515-523. 

A number of compounds have been implicated as endocrine disrupters. They include 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and some phenolic compounds, including nonylphenol and bisphenol-A ... 

Huntley SL, Iannuzzi TJ, Avantaggio JD, et al. 1997. Combined sewer overflows (CSOs) as sources of sediment contamination in the lower Passaic River, New Jersey Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and polychlorinated biphenyls. Chemosphere 34(2) 233-250. 

Schecter A, Tieman T. 1985. Occupational exposure to polychlorinated dioxins, polychlorinated furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and biphenylenes after an electrical panel and transformer accident in an office building in Binghamton, NY. Environ Health Perspect 60 305-313. 

From these inventories and data, it is clear that society is facing an enormous problem of contamination. Many of the polluting compounds that are continuously dispersed are products of industrial activities such as phenols and halogenated phenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH s), endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDC), pesticides, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB s), industrial dyes, and other xenobiotics. In this chapter, we critically review the literature information on the enzymatic transformation of these polluting xenobiotics. This work is focused on peroxidases as enzymes able to transform a variety of pollutant compounds with the aim to reduce their toxicity and their environmental impact. 

Funk, D.J., Oldenborg, R.C., Dayton, D.P., Lacosse, J.P., Draves, J.A., and Logan, T.J., Gas-phase absorption and later-induced fluorescence measurements of representative polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and a polycyclic aromatic hydroebon, Appl. Spectros., 49 105-114, 1995. 

Hagenmaier H, Brunner H, Haag R, Kraft M (1987b), Environ. Sci. Technol. 21 1085-1088. Copper-catalyzed dechlorination/hydrogenation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and chlorinated aromatic compounds"... 

Fiirst, P. (2006) Dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other organohalogen compounds in human milk. Levels, correlations, trends and exposure through breastfeeding. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research, 50 922-933. 

It is essential that FF-RMs are as similar as possible to the real samples as also holds true for other CRMs, e.g. environmental samples [7], This is often not possible due to very complex and delicate food and feed matrices especially as CRMs must show stability over a certain range of time. In food safety and quality, CRMs play an important role in the analysis of e.g. food microbial contamination, food contaminants such as mycotoxins, dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and food residues such as veterinary drug residues (hormones, antibiotics) and pesticides. CRMs for food quality control are important for analysis of food constituents such as fat, sugar and protein content or of typical indicators for the food origin (e.g. stable isotopes in wine). In addition, FF-RMs are used in proficiency testing, although most of this testing is done with non-certified assay materials (PTMs). 

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