Volatile organic sulphur compounds

Mestres, M., Marti, M. P., Busto, O., and Guasch, J. (2000). Analysis of low volatility organic sulphur compounds in wines by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography.. Chromatogr. A 881, 583-590. 

The modification of silica gel with diethanolamine (DEA) resulted in a stable alkaline filter, capable to collect H2S, COS, CS2, S02, C02 and H20 from contaminated air.56 The presence of odorous mercaptanes and organic sulphides may be selectively determined, as these compounds do not react with the DEA and therefore are not collected on the filter. By means of this scrubber an automatic survey system has been developed allowing the detection and determination of the nature of odour nuisance, caused by industrial emissions of volatile organic sulphur compounds, up to the ppb-level. The system consists of two continuous, highly sensitive and fast responding sulphur analyzers. One of the detectors is equipped with an SO, scrubber and measures the total amount of non-S02 sulphur compounds. The other detects the organic S-compounds, using the amine-silica filter. 

The microalga genus Phaeocystis has a worldwide distribution and is known to develop massive blooms in polar and temperate waters (Riebesell et al. 1995). Spring blooms of Phaeocystis often follow diatom blooms, after the decline of dissolved silicate (Lancelot et al. 2005 Wassman et al. 2005). This colony-forming alga is an important source of the volatile organic sulphur compound dimethyl sulphide (DMS) and its... 

Simo R, De Wit R, Grimalt JO, et al. 1993. Dimethylsulphide and other volatile organic sulphur compounds in some neglected ecosystems A study in evaporitic environments and sulphate-rich karstic lakes. In Restelli G, Angeletti G, eds. Dimethylsulphide Oceans, atmosphere, and climate. Dordrecht, The Netherlands Kluwer 173-181. 

Beer contains 150-400 ppm of sulphate (Table 22.2). The major non-volatile organic sulphur compounds in wort are the amino acids cyst(e)ine and methionine and the peptides and proteins which contain them. Some of these compounds will survive into beer. In addition malt contains 5-methyI-methionine and dimethyl sulphoxide which are precursors of dimethyl sulphide. Hops may be a source of sulphur they are often dusted with elemental sulphur or sprayed with dithiocarbamate insecticides. In addition sulphur is usually burnt in the oast. The sulphur compounds present in hop oil are discussed in Chapter 13. 

Du W, Parker W (2012) Modeling volatile organic sulphur compounds in mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of methionine. Water Res 46 539-546... 

Matsumoto, Y. 1968. Volatile organic sulphur compounds as insect attractants with special reference to host selection. In Control of Insect Behaviour by Natural Products, eds. D.L. Wood, R.M. Silverstein M. Nakajima, pp, 133-160, Academic Press, New York and London. 

F. Pelusio, T. Nilsson, L. Montanarella, R. Tilio, B. Larsen, S. Facchetti and J. O. Madsen, Headspace solid-phase mieroextraction analysis of volatile organic sulphur compounds in black and white truffle aroma, J. Agric. Food Chem. 43, 2138-2143 (1995). 

Organic sulphur compounds are volatile a few are soluble in water and are associated with bad odour. They are essentially studied in gaseous phase. But they can be present in wastewater because of their solubility in water-miscible solvents such as alcohols. In aqueous solution [17], they present a characteristic UV absorption (Fig. 65). 

Hydrolysis of a substituted amide. A. With 10 per cent, sulphuric acid. Reflux 1 g. of the compound (e.g., acetanilide) with 20 ml. of 10 per cent, sulphuric acid for 1-2 hours. Distil the reaction mixture and collect 10 ml. of distillate this will contain any volatile organic acids which may be present. Cool the residue, render it alkaline with 20 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution, cool, and extract with ether. Distil off the ether and examine the ether-soluble residue for an amine. 

The UK Environment Agency deals with over 6000 oil pollution incidents each year. One estimate suggests tliat tlie cheiTtical industry contributes to 50% of all ah pollution witli proportions approximating to sulphur dioxide (36%), carbon dioxide (28%), nitrogen oxides (18%), carbon monoxide (14%) and black smoke (10%). Motor spirit refining is responsible for ca 26% of emissions of volatile organic compounds to the atmosphere. In 1996 there were over 20 000 reports of water pollution incidents with 155 successful prosecutions. 

NP NPEC OC OP OPEC PCB PCDBT PCDD PCDF PCP PFB RA TCA TCDD TCF TCMTB TOC VSC VOC Nonylphenol Nonylphenol ethoxycarboxylate Organo chlorine Octylphenol Octylphenol ethoxycarboxylate Polychloroinated biphenyls Polychlorinated dibenzothiophene Polychlorin ated dib enzo-p - dioxins Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-furans Pentachlorophenol Pentafluorobenzyl Resin acids 2,4,6-Trichloroanisole Tetrachloro dibenzo dioxin Totally chlorine- free 2-(Thiocyanomethylthio)-benzothiazole Total organic carbon Volatile sulphur compounds Volatile organic compounds... 

Data from the EEA (2006c) reveal that air emissions from transport follow a slightly less expressed, but well comparable trend to entire emissions between 1990 and 2004. Table 19.2 shows the share for the transport sector of certain pollutants in the EU 40% to 50% of NO, and carbon monoxide (CO), 25% of non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) and just 1% of sulphur oxides (SO,). In developing countries, and here in particular in the big megacities, the share for transport of SO, heavy metal and particulate emissions (not listed here) will -because of the old vehicle fleets - be much higher. 

The choice of an appropriate model is heavily dependent on the intended application. In particular, the science of the model must match the pollutant(s) of concern. If the pollutant of concern is fine PM, the model chemistry must be able to handle reactions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC), ammonia, etc. Reactions in both the gas and aqueous phases must be included, and preferably also heterogeneous reactions taking place on the surfaces of particles. Apart from correct treatment of transport and diffusion, the formation and growth of particles must be included, and the model must be able to track the evolution of particle mass as a function of size. The ability to treat deposition of pollutants to the surface of the earth by both wet and dry processes is also required. 

Many less electropositive metals known as chalcophiles are found commonly as sulphide minerals some important examples are pyrites (FeS2), sphalerite (zinc blende, ZnS), molybdenite (MoS2), cinnabar (HgS) and galena (PbS). Volatile sulphur compounds such as H2S and organic compounds are also found... 

In 2003, urban air pollution was monitored at 76 stations (44 and 32 operated by the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of the Environment, respectively) located in 27 cities involved in the Monitoring System (SZU, 2004). In 2003, sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NO/N02/NOx), particulate matter (TSP and/or suspended PMio fractions), and mass concentrations of selected metals (arsenic, chromium, cadmium, manganese, nickel and lead) in particulate matter samples were monitored in all the cities of the Monitoring System except for Melnik. The SO2 measurements in the Public Health Service network were terminated at all the manual stations in the cities with CHMI stations in the cities without a CHMI station, measurements are made during the heating season only). Concentrations of carbon oxide, ozone, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) continue to be monitored selectively in a number of the monitored cities. 

At local and urban levels, it is essentially a question of vicinity pollution. Several air pollutants are concerned sulphur dioxide, SO2 (primary pollutant) nitrogen oxides NO (primary or secondary pollutants) particulate matter PM (primary and secondary pollutants) carbon monoxide, CO, (primary pollutant) (volatile) organic compounds, HC (or VOCs) (primary and secondary pollutants), and photochemical oxidants, O3, PAN (secondary pollutants). Organic compounds account for a wide range of hydrocarbons and are found in solid, liquid, and gas forms. 

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