Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans

Fleischer 0, Wichmann H, Lorenz W. 1999. Release of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans by setting off fireworks. Chemosphere 39(6) 925-932. 

Elliott JE, Machmer MM, Henny CJ, Wilson LK, Norstrom RJ. 1998. Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest. 1. Trends and patterns in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in eggs and plasma. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 35 620-631. 

Fraser CA, Gardner GJ, Maxwell PS, Kubwabo C, Guevremont R, Siu KWM, and Berman SS (1995) Preparation and certification of a biological reference material (CARP-i) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofuran congeners. Fresenius J Anal Chem 352 143-147. Gahr A, Huber N, and Niessner R (1998) Fluorimetric determination of bromate by ion-exchange separation and post-column derivatization. Mikrochrm Acta 129 281-290. 

Hashimoto, S., Ito, H., and Morita, M., Elution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from coffee filters, Chemosphere, 25(3), 297, 1992. (CA118 21237c)... 

Wang, L., Lee, W., Tsai, P, Lee, W., and Chang-Chien, G., Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from stack flue gases of sinter plants, Chemosphere, 50(9), 1123-1129, 2003. 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

Ma J, Kannan K, Cheng J, Horii Y, Wu Q, Wang W (2008) Concentrations, profiles, and estimated human exposures for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from electronic waste recycling facilities and a chemical industrial complex in Eastern China. Environ Sci Technol 42(22) 8252-8259. doi 10.1021/es8017573... 

Wen S, Yang F, Li JG, Gong Y, Zhang XL, Hui Y, Wu YN, Zhao YF, Xu Y (2009) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere 74(7) 981-987. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002... 

Broman, D., Naf, C., Rolff, C., Zebuhr, Y. (1991) Occurrence and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mixed surface layer of remote coastal and offshore waters of the Baltic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1850-1864. 

Brubaker, Jr. W.W., Hites, R.A. (1998) OH reaction kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 915-921. 

Czuczwa, J.M., B.D. McVeety, and R.A. Hites. 1984. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. Science 226 568-569. 

Muir, D.C.G., C.A. Ford, B. Rosenberg, R.J. Norstrom, M. Simon, and P. Beland. 1996. Persistent organochlo-rines in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St Lawrence River estuary. I. Concentrations and patterns of specific PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Pollut. 93 219-234. 

Neubert, N., T. Wiesmuller, K. Abraham, R. Krowke, and H. Hagenmaier. 1990. Persistence of various polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in hepatic and adipose tissue of marmoset monkeys. Arch. Toxicol. 64 431-442. 

Stalling, D.L., L.M. Smith, J.D. Petty, J.W. Hogan, J.L. Johnson, C. Rappe, and H.R. Buser. 1983. Residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes fish. Pages 221-240 in R.E. Tucker, A.L. Young, and A.P. Gray (eds.). Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds. Plenum Press, New York. 

I. M. Muslimova, F. F. Hizbullin.- Problem of Accumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Sludge Reservoirs of the Enterprises of Chlororganic Synthesis. Ecological Chemistry.-2001.-Vol. 10.- No. 04, p.269-274. 

Brzuzy, L. R. Hites, R. A. (1996). Global mass balance for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 1797-804. 

CDD/Fs presence in municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) influents results in the PCDD/Fs presence in effluents and sludge. Evidence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans formation within the MWTP was also found. All this aspects are discussed in the paper, with special attention to sewage sludge, because of further utilization demand according to EU directives. 

Dudzinska, M.R., Kozak, Z., Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans -properties and environmental pathways (in Polish), Monographies of Polish Academy of Sciences, 2001, ISBN 83-915874-4-4. 

McLachlan, M.S., Horstmann, M., Hinkel, M., Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludge sources and fate following sludge application to land, Sci. Total Environ., 185,1996, 109-123. 

Gihr, R., Klopffer, W., Rippen, G. and Partscht, I., Investigations of potential sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludges, Chemosphere, 23,1991, 1653-1659. 

Hagenmaier, H., Linding, C., She, J., Correlation of environmental occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans with possible sources, Chemosphere 29, 1994,2163-2174. 

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), hexachlorbenzene (EICB) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) all of these are (POPs), Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants... 

Spear, P.A., D.H. Bourbonnais, R.J. Norstrom, and T.W. Moon. 1990. YoUc retinoids (Vitamin A) in eggs of the herring gull and correlations with polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 9 1053-1061. 

Buser, H.R. "Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans Formation, Occurrence and Analysis of Environmentally Hazardous Compounds. 1 Thesis, University of Umea, Sweden, 1978. 

Brubacker, W. W. Jr., and R. A. Hites, Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans Gas phase hydroxyl radical reactions and related atmospheric removal , Environ. Sci. Technol., 31, 1805-1810 (1997). 

As discussed in the earlier survey (1), a biogenic source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans is peroxidase-catalyzed transformation of chlorophenols as first reported by Oberg and Rappe (2041-2044). More recent studies confirm these observations (2045-2048). In addition to lactoperoxidase and horseradish peroxidase, human leukocyte myeloperoxidase catalyzes in vitro formation of dioxins and dibenzofurans from chlorophenols (2046, 2047). Formation rates are in the pmol/mol range (Scheme 3.6) demonstrating that a human biosynthesis of dioxins and furans is not only possible but also likely. These observations are reinforced by the reported in vivo (rats) conversion of the pre-dioxin nona-chloro-2-phenoxyphenol to octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (OCDD) (2049), and the production of hepta- and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the feces of cows fed pentachlorophenol-treated wood (Scheme 3.7) (2050, 2051). 

Oberg LG, Glas B, Swanson SE, Rappe C, Paul KG (1990) Peroxidase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Chlorophenols to Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 19 930... 

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