Nonylphenol. degradation

Tanghe T, Devriese G, Verstraete W (1998) Nonylphenol degradation in lab scale activated sludge units is temperature dependent. Water Res 32 2889-2896... 

Fujii K, Urano N, Ushio H, Satomi M, Kimura S (2001) Sphingomonas cloacae sp. nov., a nonylphenol-degrading bacterium isolated from wastewater of a sewage treatment plant in Tokyo. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 51 603-610... 

Jones, RW. and Westmoreland, D.J. (1998). Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates during the composting of sludges from wool scour effluents. Environmental Science and Technology 32, 2623-2627. 

Gabriel FLP, A Heidlberger, D Rentsch, W Giger, K Guenther, H-PE Kohler (2005) A novel metabolic pathway for degradation of 4-nonylphenol environmental contaminants by Sphingomonas xenophaga Bayram. J Biol Chem 280 15526-15533. 

The degradation of nonylphenol isomers with qnaternary side chains in strains of Sphin-gomonas sp. displays nnnsual features that involve rearrangement of the side chain (Corvini et al. 2004 Gabriel et al. 2005a,b). This is discnssed in Part 4 of this chapter. 

PLE pressurized liquid extraction, SPE solid phase extraction, UE ultrasonic extraction, DSPE dispersive solid phase extraction, SBSE stir bar sorptive extraction, TD-GC-MS thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, LAS linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, CDEAs coconut diethanol amides, NPEOs nonylphenol ethoxylates, DP degradation products, SPC sulphenyl carboxylates, PCDD dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), PCDF dibenzofurans, PCBs biphenyls... 

Gonzalez S, Petrovic M, Barcelo D (2004) Simultaneous extraction and fate of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, coconut diethanol amides, nonylphenol ethoxylates and their degradation products in wastewater treatment plants, receiving coastal waters and sediments in the Catalonian area (NE Spain). J Chromatogr A 1052(1-2) 111-120... 

Petrovic, M., Gehringer, P., Eschweiler, H., Barcelo, D. (2004). LC-MS-MS determination of oxidative degradation products of nonylphenol ethoxylates, carboxylates and nonylphenols in water. Water Sci. Technol. 50 (5), (Assessment and Control of Hazardous Substances in Water), 227-234. 

Chang BV, Yu CH, Yuan SY (2004) Degradation of nonylphenol by anaerobic microorganisms from river sediment. Chemosphere 55 493-500... 

De Weert JPA, Vinas M, Grotenhuis T, Rijnaarts HHM, Langenhoff AAM (2011) Degradation of 4-n-nonylphenol under nitrate reducing conditions. Biodegradation 22 175-187... 

Ejlertsson J, Nilsson ML, Kylin H, Bergman A, Karlson L, Oquist M, Svensson BH (1999) Anaerobic degradation of nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylates in digestor sludge, landfilled municipal solid waste, and landfilled sludge. Environ Sci Technol 33 301-306... 

Moeller J, Reeh U (2003) Degradation of nonylphenol ethoxylates in sewage sludge and source separated municipal solid waste under bench-scale composting conditions. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70 248-254... 

Immobilized enzymes, particularly LAC, have been employed in the degradation of triclosan. The immobilization of LAC from Coriolopsis polyzona through the formation of cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and their subsequent use in an FBR for the removal of endocrine disrupting compounds [42] produced the complete removal of triclosan, nonylphenol, and bisphenol A (5 mg L-1 each) at a HRT of 150 min. The application of CLEAs in a perfusion basket reactor [43]... 

Surfactants, such as linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) and alkylphenol ethoxylates, are present in whitewaters because of their use as cleaning agents or as additives in antifoamers, deinkers, dispersants, etc. The non-ionic surfactants alkylphenol ethoxylates (APEO) degrade to nonylphenol (NP) or to a... 

APEOs are used in domestic and industrial applications. They are applied as detergents, emulsifiers, wetting agents, dispersants or solubilisers. APEO derived from nonylphenol (NP), i.e. nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEOs) comprises about 80% of the total market volume, while octylphenol-derived surfactants (OPEOs) account for 15-20%. Because of the persistence and toxicity of some degradation intermediates, their use has been reduced in several countries either through voluntary bans by the chemical industry or by legal regulations. However, excellent properties in combination with comparably low production costs hampers their complete replacement with other more environmentally acceptable alternatives. 

It was generally assumed that the endocrine disruptor nonylphenol (NP) is the most persistent metabolite of NPEO. However, experimental data on the formation of the metabolite NP from NPEO are surprisingly scarce, and mostly under anaerobic conditions NP has been reported to be formed [126,127]. Only one article reports a slight increase in NP concentration from the aerobic degradation of NPEO during the composting of wool scour effluent sludge [128]. 

As for the elimination efficiency of NPEO during wastewater treatment, values from 81 to 99.5% were calculated. However, the removal of parent NPEOs led to the formation of transformation products that are much more resistant to microbial degradation and overall elimination of nonylphenolic compounds during sewage treatment is very low. Ahel et al. [20] estimated that approximately 60-65% of all nonylphenolic compounds introduced to WWTP are discharged into the environment 19% in the form of carboxylated... 

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