Polychlorinated dioxins/furans

Czuczwa JM, Hites RA (1985) Historical record of polychlorinated dioxins, furans in Lake Huron sediments. In Keith LH, Rappe C, Choudhary G (eds) Chlorinated dioxins and dibenzofurans in the total environment II. Butterworth, Toronto p 59... 

Cooper K Rutgers University New Brunswick, NJ Effects of Polychlorinated Dioxins, Furans, and PCBs on Aquatic Animals and Humans U.S. Department of Agriculture... 

Schecter A, Tieman T, Schaffher F. 1985b. Patient fat biopsies for chemical analysis and liver biopsies for ultrastructural characterization after exposure to polychlorinated dioxins, furans and PCBs. Environ Health Perspect 60 241-254. 

Behrooz, G. S. Altwicker, E. R. Rapid formation of polychlorinated dioxins/furans during the heterogeneous combustion of 1,2-dichlorobenzene and 2,4-dichlorophenol, Chemosphere, 1996, 32(1), 133-144. 

Huwe, J. K., Larsen, G. L. (2005) Polychlorinated dioxins, furans, biphenyls, and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in a U.S. meat market basket and estimates of dietary intake. Environ. Set Technol., 39 5606-5611. 

Hesso A, Hameila M, Tomaeus J, et al. 1992. Polychlorinated dioxins, furans and non-ortho polychlorinated biphenyls in blood of exposed laboratory personnel. Chemosphere 25(7-10) 1053-1059. 

The described isotope dilution method for the quantification of polychlorinated dioxins, furans and dioxin-hke polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs) follows the EPA 1613 Rev.B method (US EPA, 1994,1998a/b). The MID scheme on the accurate target masses typically uses isotope ratio qualifiers besides the specific retention time for all native dioxin/furan congeners, as well as for their specific labelled internal standards, one quantification mass and one ratio mass. The analytical setup for the high resolution GC-MS is given with the MID descriptor, as... 

Dioxin and Furan Emissions. The emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-/)-dioxins (PCDD) and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans (PCDF) from incinerators (4) are of interest to the pubHc, scientists, and engineers. The U.S. EPA classifies 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-/)-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) as the most potent carcinogenic compound it has evaluated. It is also Hsted as the agency s most potent reproductive toxin (4). 

PCBS (polychlorinated biphenyls) Toxic synthetic chemicals with excellent heat resistance and low electrical conductivity properties. Now little used but considerable quantities remain in old electrical equipment. Produces dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzo-furans when burned below 1200°C. PCBs are toxic and bio-accumulative. 

Czuczwa JM, Hites RA (1984) Environmental fate of combustion-generated polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ Sci Technol 18(6) 444-450. doi 10.1021/es00124a010... 

Rappe, C. 1984. Analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 78A-90A. 

Servos, M.R., S.Y. Huestis, D.M. Whittle, GJ. Van der Kraak, and K.R. Munkittrick. 1994. Survey of receiving-water environmental impacts associated with discharges from pulp mills. 3. Polychlorinated dioxins and furans in muscle and liver of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1103-1115. 

DeDiox A process for destroying polychlorinated dioxins and furans in flue-gases by catalytic oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst is based on silica and the process is operated at 80 to 100°C. Developed by Degussa from 1994. The business was offered for sale in 1998. 

Schecter A, Schaffner F, Tiernan T, et al. 1984. Ultrastructural alterations of liver mitochondria in response to dioxins, furans, polychlorinated biphenyls, and biphenylenes. In Poland A, Kimbrough RD, eds. Biological mechanisms of dioxin action. Cold Spring Harbor, New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Banbury Report, Vol. 18. Meeting, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, April 1984, 177-190. 

The vendor claims that the TDR process can be used to treat soil and sludge contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls, polynuclear aromatic compounds, solvents, dioxins, furans, organic pesticides and herbicides, solvents, petroleum wastes, as well as nonhalogenated volatile and semivolatile compounds. The treated residuals from the process include recovered water, oil that can be used for recycling as an alternative fuel or for recycling or can be disposed, and clean soil that can be used as backfill. The volume of treated sludge is reduced by as much as 95% by this thermal process, depending on the initial level of contaminants. 

Does not produce toxic products of incomplete combustion polychlorinated dioxins and furans. 

The TRS could potentially treat nonmunicipal sludge, slag, or natural sediment ex situ. In addition to mercury, the system could be used to treat polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), petroleum hydrocarbons, dioxins/furans, and chlorinated solvents. 

The Basic Extractive Sludge Treatment (B.E.S.T. ) process is an ex situ solvent extraction technology. The B.E.S.T. process uses one or more secondary or tertiary amines, such as diisopropylamine, to separate contaminants from soil, sediment, and sludge. This technology is applicable to most organics or oily contaminants, including polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, herbicides, dioxins, furans, and other organic compounds. 

Micro-Flo has been used at many sites throughout Canada to treat wastewater and surface water contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), chlorophenols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, dioxins, furans, hydrocarbons, metals, oil, and grease. The technology has also been used to treat water contaminated with paint, paint thinner, and paint solvents. 

Rappe (25) summarized all the literature with regard to the analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and furans and concluded that, with the standards now available, isomer-specific analyses can be performed for all toxic PCDD and PCDF isomers. However, some attention still has to be focused on characteristics of analytical and concentration techniques that can be promising for the future (26). 

A study of the soil of a Douglas fir forest in The Netherlands spiked with 37CI -chloride demonstrated that chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzo-furans are produced naturally in the humic soil layer probably via chloroperoxidase chemistry (Scheme 3.5) (1712). Twenty polychlorinated dioxins and furans were found to be produced naturally in this study, including the highly toxic 2,3,7,8-tetra- (2246), 1,2,3,7,8-penta- (2247), and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2248). The major congeners found are 4-chloro- (2249), 1,7-dichloro-... 

Similarly, polychlorinated dioxins and furans form in both compost and sewage sludge (1), but the major congeners in both systems are heptachloro- and octa-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and their origin is not understood (2052-2056). Several studies have attempted to elucidate the importance of natural combustion events as a source of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (1), but recent reports indicate that forest fires may not be a significant source of these compounds (227, 2057) despite earlier suggestions to the contrary (1, 2058, 2059). Nevertheless, numerous studies (wood stoves, control bums, etc.) clearly demonstrate that the combustion of wood... 

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