Polychlorinated-p-dioxins

Oehme, M., Schlabach, M., Hummert, K., Luckas, B., Nordoy, E. S. (1994). Levels of polychlorinated-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans, biphenyls and pesticides in harp seals from the Greenland Sea. Organohal Comp., 20, 517-522... 

Gotz, R., P. Friesel, K. Roch, O. Papke, M. Ball, and A. Lis. 1993. Polychlorinated-p-dioxins PCDDs, dibenzofurans PCDFs, and other chlorinated compounds in the River Elbe results on bottom sediments and fresh sediments collected in sedimentation chambers. Chemosphere T7 105-111. 

In 1998, the Aarhus Protocol on POPs, which entered into force on 23 October 2003, presently has 29 Parties (February 2010). The Protocol s ultimate objective is to eliminate any discharges, emissions and losses of POPs. The Protocol bans production and use of some products right away other POPs are scheduled for elimination at a later stage or severely restricted in use. The Protocol obliges Parties to reduce their emissions of polychlorinated-p-dioxins (PCDD), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) below their levels in 1990 (or an alternative year between 1985 and 1995) [29]. 

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in marine products and estimation of exposure through fishes and shellfishes 97YZ850. 

Owing to their extreme toxicity, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins are of particular interest [99CPL355, 99JA2561, 99JPC(A)7686]. Okamoto suggested a new... 

G.G. Choudhry, O. Hutzinger, Mechanistic Aspects of Thermal Formation of Halogenated Organic Compounds Including Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins, Gordon Breach Publ. New York (1983). 

Fleischer 0, Wichmann H, Lorenz W. 1999. Release of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans by setting off fireworks. Chemosphere 39(6) 925-932. 

Kuzuhara S, H Sato, N Tsubouchi, Y Ohtsuka, E Kasai (2005) Effect of nitrogen-containing compounds on polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran formation through de novo synthesis. Environ Sci Technol 39 795-799. 

Broman D, Naf C, Rolfif C, Zebuhr Y, Fry B, Hobbie J. 1992. Using ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes to estimate bioaccumulation and flux of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and dibenzofurans (PCDFs) in two food chains from the northern Baltic. Environ Toxicol Chem 11 331-345. 

Elliott JE, Machmer MM, Henny CJ, Wilson LK, Norstrom RJ. 1998. Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest. 1. Trends and patterns in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in eggs and plasma. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 35 620-631. 

Fraser CA, Gardner GJ, Maxwell PS, Kubwabo C, Guevremont R, Siu KWM, Berman SS (1995) Preparation and certification of a biological reference material (CARP-i) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofliran congeners. Fresenius J Anal Chem 352 143-147. Gardiner PE (1993) Consideration in the preparation of biological and environmental reference materials for use in the study of the chemical speciation of trace elements. Fresenius J Anal Chem 345 287-190. 

CRMs for Contaminants in Environmental Matrices For nearly two decades NIST has been involved in the development of SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and chlorinated pesticides in natural environmental matrices such as fossil fuels (Hertz et al.1980 Kline et al. 1985), air and diesel particulate material (May and Wise 1984 Wise et al. 2000), coal tar (Wise et al. 1988a), sediment (Schantz et al. 1990, 1995a Wise et al. 1995), mussel tissue (Wise et al. 1991 Schantz et al. 1997a), fish oil, and whale blubber (Schantz et al. 1995b). Several papers have reviewed and summarized the development of these environmental matrix SRMs (Wise et al. 1988b Wise 1993 Wise and Schantz 1997 Wise et al. 2000). Seventeen natural matrix SRMs for the determination of organic contaminants are currently available from NIST with certified and reference concentrations primarily for PAHs, PCBs, chlorinated pesticides, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofiirans (PCDFs) see Table 3.11. 

Hashimoto, S., Ito, H., and Morita, M., Elution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from coffee filters, Chemosphere, 25(3), 297, 1992. (CA118 21237c)... 

Wang, L., Lee, W., Tsai, P, Lee, W., and Chang-Chien, G., Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from stack flue gases of sinter plants, Chemosphere, 50(9), 1123-1129, 2003. 

Eljarrat E, De La Cal A, Larrazabal D, Fabrellas B, Femandez-Alba AR, Borrull F, Marce RM, Barcelo D (2005) Occurrence of polybrominated diphenylethers, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls in coastal sediments from Spain. Environ Pollut 136(3) 493-501... 

Leung AOW, Luksemburg WJ, Wong AS, Wong MH (2007) Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo furans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China. Environ Sci Technol 41 2730-2737... 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

Ma J, Kannan K, Cheng J, Horii Y, Wu Q, Wang W (2008) Concentrations, profiles, and estimated human exposures for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from electronic waste recycling facilities and a chemical industrial complex in Eastern China. Environ Sci Technol 42(22) 8252-8259. doi 10.1021/es8017573... 

Wen S, Yang F, Li JG, Gong Y, Zhang XL, Hui Y, Wu YN, Zhao YF, Xu Y (2009) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere 74(7) 981-987. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002... 

Chao HR, Wang SL, Lee CC, Yu HY, Lu YK, Pake O (2004) Level of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, dibenzofurans and biphenyls (PCDD/Fs, PCBs) in human milk and the input to infant body burden. Food Chem Toxicol 42(8) 1299-1308. doi 10.1016/j. fct.2004.03.008... 

Rordorf, B. F. (1985b) Thermodynamic properties of polychlorinated compounds the vapor pressures and enthalpies of sublimation of ten dibenzo-p-dioxins. Thermochimica Acta 85, 435 438. 

Broman, D., Naf, C., Rolff, C., Zebuhr, Y. (1991) Occurrence and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mixed surface layer of remote coastal and offshore waters of the Baltic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1850-1864. 

Brubaker, Jr. W.W., Hites, R.A. (1998) OH reaction kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 915-921. 

Li, X.-W., Shibata, E., Kasai, E., Nakamura, T. (2004) Vapor pressures and enthalpies of sublimation of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and five polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23, 348-354. 

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