Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in marine products and estimation of exposure through fishes and shellfishes 97YZ850. 

Fleischer 0, Wichmann H, Lorenz W. 1999. Release of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans by setting off fireworks. Chemosphere 39(6) 925-932. 

Elliott JE, Machmer MM, Henny CJ, Wilson LK, Norstrom RJ. 1998. Contaminants in ospreys from the Pacific Northwest. 1. Trends and patterns in polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -dibenzofurans in eggs and plasma. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 35 620-631. 

Fraser CA, Gardner GJ, Maxwell PS, Kubwabo C, Guevremont R, Siu KWM, Berman SS (1995) Preparation and certification of a biological reference material (CARP-i) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofliran congeners. Fresenius J Anal Chem 352 143-147. Gardiner PE (1993) Consideration in the preparation of biological and environmental reference materials for use in the study of the chemical speciation of trace elements. Fresenius J Anal Chem 345 287-190. 

Hashimoto, S., Ito, H., and Morita, M., Elution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from coffee filters, Chemosphere, 25(3), 297, 1992. (CA118 21237c)... 

Wang, L., Lee, W., Tsai, P, Lee, W., and Chang-Chien, G., Emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from stack flue gases of sinter plants, Chemosphere, 50(9), 1123-1129, 2003. 

Leung AOW, Luksemburg WJ, Wong AS, Wong MH (2007) Spatial distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo furans in soil and combusted residue at Guiyu, an electronic waste recycling site in southeast China. Environ Sci Technol 41 2730-2737... 

In addition, the concern about e-waste not only focuses on its vast quantity generated daily, but also more on the need to handle the toxic chemicals embedded in it. It is well known that e-waste contains lead, beryllium, mercury, cadmium (Cd), and brominated flame retardants (BFRs) among other chemical materials [3]. Furthermore, highly toxic chemicals such as polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-furans (PBDD/Fs) can be formed during the recycling process [4]. 

Table 1 Concentrations of chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (CIPAHs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs) in ambient air, soil, and human samples collected from e-waste recycling and reference sites in China... 

Ma J, Kannan K, Cheng J, Horii Y, Wu Q, Wang W (2008) Concentrations, profiles, and estimated human exposures for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans from electronic waste recycling facilities and a chemical industrial complex in Eastern China. Environ Sci Technol 42(22) 8252-8259. doi 10.1021/es8017573... 

Wen S, Yang F, Li JG, Gong Y, Zhang XL, Hui Y, Wu YN, Zhao YF, Xu Y (2009) Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) monitored by tree bark in an e-waste recycling area. Chemosphere 74(7) 981-987. doi 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.10.002... 

Broman, D., Naf, C., Rolff, C., Zebuhr, Y. (1991) Occurrence and dynamics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the mixed surface layer of remote coastal and offshore waters of the Baltic. Environ. Sci. Technol. 25, 1850-1864. 

Brubaker, Jr. W.W., Hites, R.A. (1998) OH reaction kinetics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. J. Phys. Chem. A 102, 915-921. 

Li, X.-W., Shibata, E., Kasai, E., Nakamura, T. (2004) Vapor pressures and enthalpies of sublimation of 17 polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, and five polychlorinated dibenzofurans. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23, 348-354. 

Cooper, K.R. 1989. Effects of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans on aquatic organisms. Rev. Aquatic Sciences 1 227-242. 

Czuczwa, J.M., B.D. McVeety, and R.A. Hites. 1984. Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments from Siskiwit Lake, Isle Royale. Science 226 568-569. 

Loonen, H., M. Tonkes, J.R. Parsons, and H.A.J. Govers. 1994b. Bioconcentration of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in guppies after aqueous exposure to a complex PCDD/PCDF mixture relationship with molecular structure. Aquai. Toxicol. 30 153-169. 

Muir, D.C.G., C.A. Ford, B. Rosenberg, R.J. Norstrom, M. Simon, and P. Beland. 1996. Persistent organochlo-rines in beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from the St Lawrence River estuary. I. Concentrations and patterns of specific PCBs, chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environ. Pollut. 93 219-234. 

Neubert, N., T. Wiesmuller, K. Abraham, R. Krowke, and H. Hagenmaier. 1990. Persistence of various polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs) in hepatic and adipose tissue of marmoset monkeys. Arch. Toxicol. 64 431-442. 

Stalling, D.L., L.M. Smith, J.D. Petty, J.W. Hogan, J.L. Johnson, C. Rappe, and H.R. Buser. 1983. Residues of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes fish. Pages 221-240 in R.E. Tucker, A.L. Young, and A.P. Gray (eds.). Human and Environmental Risks of Chlorinated Dioxins and Related Compounds. Plenum Press, New York. 

Van den Berg, M., F. Blank, C. Heremans, H. Wagenaar, and K. Olie. 1987. Presence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans in fish-eating birds and fish from the Netherlands. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16 149-158. 

Incineration of domestic waste is also a contributor to environmental pollution. One more source of dioxins is pulp-and-paper industry. Comparatively new ways of forming polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and furans are high-temperature processes like copper melting in electric arc furnaces, and production of magnesium, nickel and, possibly, other metals of their chlorides. 

I. M. Muslimova, F. F. Hizbullin.- Problem of Accumulation of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Sludge Reservoirs of the Enterprises of Chlororganic Synthesis. Ecological Chemistry.-2001.-Vol. 10.- No. 04, p.269-274. 

In this section we will consider the exposure pathways of POPs to human beings on the example of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans... 

Brzuzy, L. R. Hites, R. A. (1996). Global mass balance for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Environmental Science and Technology, 30, 1797-804. 

CDD/Fs presence in municipal wastewater treatment plant (MWTP) influents results in the PCDD/Fs presence in effluents and sludge. Evidence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans formation within the MWTP was also found. All this aspects are discussed in the paper, with special attention to sewage sludge, because of further utilization demand according to EU directives. 

Dudzinska, M.R., Kozak, Z., Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans -properties and environmental pathways (in Polish), Monographies of Polish Academy of Sciences, 2001, ISBN 83-915874-4-4. 

McLachlan, M.S., Horstmann, M., Hinkel, M., Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludge sources and fate following sludge application to land, Sci. Total Environ., 185,1996, 109-123. 

Gihr, R., Klopffer, W., Rippen, G. and Partscht, I., Investigations of potential sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sewage sludges, Chemosphere, 23,1991, 1653-1659. 

Telliard, W.A., McCarty, H.B., King, J.R. and Hoffman, J.B., USEPA national sewage sludge survey for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans, Organohalogen Compounds 2,1990, 307-310. 

Hagenmaier, H., Linding, C., She, J., Correlation of environmental occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans with possible sources, Chemosphere 29, 1994,2163-2174. 

Christman et al. [72] gave details of procedures for extraction, clean-up, and concentration of samples of soil prior to the determination of their content of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans by gas chromatography and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Instrumental parameters are also included. Some typical results are tabulated. 

Lyytikainen, M. Rantalainen, A.-L. Mikkelson, P. Hamalainen, H. Paasivirta, J. Kukkonen, J.V.K. 2003b, Similarities in bioaccumulation patterns of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and fu-rans and polychlorinated diphenyl ethers in laboratory-exposed oligochaetes and semipermeable membrane devices and in field-collected chironomids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22 2405-2415. 

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF), hexachlorbenzene (EICB) and polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) all of these are (POPs), Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants... 

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