Polychlorinated dioxin and furan

Czuczwa JM, Hites RA (1984) Environmental fate of combustion-generated polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ Sci Technol 18(6) 444-450. doi 10.1021/es00124a010... 

Rappe, C. 1984. Analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and furans. Environ. Sci. Technol. 18 78A-90A. 

Servos, M.R., S.Y. Huestis, D.M. Whittle, GJ. Van der Kraak, and K.R. Munkittrick. 1994. Survey of receiving-water environmental impacts associated with discharges from pulp mills. 3. Polychlorinated dioxins and furans in muscle and liver of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1103-1115. 

DeDiox A process for destroying polychlorinated dioxins and furans in flue-gases by catalytic oxidation with hydrogen peroxide. The catalyst is based on silica and the process is operated at 80 to 100°C. Developed by Degussa from 1994. The business was offered for sale in 1998. 

Does not produce toxic products of incomplete combustion polychlorinated dioxins and furans. 

Rappe (25) summarized all the literature with regard to the analysis of polychlorinated dioxins and furans and concluded that, with the standards now available, isomer-specific analyses can be performed for all toxic PCDD and PCDF isomers. However, some attention still has to be focused on characteristics of analytical and concentration techniques that can be promising for the future (26). 

A study of the soil of a Douglas fir forest in The Netherlands spiked with 37CI -chloride demonstrated that chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzo-furans are produced naturally in the humic soil layer probably via chloroperoxidase chemistry (Scheme 3.5) (1712). Twenty polychlorinated dioxins and furans were found to be produced naturally in this study, including the highly toxic 2,3,7,8-tetra- (2246), 1,2,3,7,8-penta- (2247), and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2248). The major congeners found are 4-chloro- (2249), 1,7-dichloro-... 

Similarly, polychlorinated dioxins and furans form in both compost and sewage sludge (1), but the major congeners in both systems are heptachloro- and octa-chlorodibenzo-p-dioxins and their origin is not understood (2052-2056). Several studies have attempted to elucidate the importance of natural combustion events as a source of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (1), but recent reports indicate that forest fires may not be a significant source of these compounds (227, 2057) despite earlier suggestions to the contrary (1, 2058, 2059). Nevertheless, numerous studies (wood stoves, control bums, etc.) clearly demonstrate that the combustion of wood... 

Urban air concentrations were multiplied by relative potencies (REPs) (listed in Table 2) to calculate the contribution of PCNs to dioxin toxic equivalents (TEQ) and to compare the contributions of the dioxin-like PCBs using REPs from Giesy et al. (1997) [143]. On average, PCNs contributed 64% of total PCN and dioxin-like PCB (PCN+PCB) TEQ in downtown air and 48% in north Toronto. The PCN contribution to PCN+PCB TEQ in Chicago air was similar (68%) when recalculated using the same REPs [97,126]. Although PCNs are as important as PCBs in air on a TEQ basis, polychlorinated dioxins and furans remain the dominant contributors of TEQ in downtown Toronto air [126]. 

Muir, D.C.G., Lawrence, S., Holoka, M., Fairchild, W.L., Segstro, M.D., Webster, G.R.B., Servos, M.R. (1992) Partitioning of polychlorinated dioxins and furans between water, sediments and biota in lake mesocosms. Chemosphere 25, 119-124. 

As already introduced in Chapter 1, a widely used application of CA is the toxic equivalence factor (TEF) concept for the assessment of mixtures of polychlorinated dioxins and furans (PCDDs/Fs) (Van den Berg et al. 2006). Under the additional assumption of parallel dose-response curves, doses of specific PCDD/F isomers are all expressed in terms of the dose of a reference chemical, 2,3,7,8-... 

Chambers L, Gardinali P, Chambers H, Wade TL, Jackson T, Brooks JM (1996), NIST SRM 1945, whale blubber, NIST SRM 1974a, organics in mussel tissue, and NIST SRM 1941a, organics in marine sediment as certified reference materials for polychlorinated dioxins and furans in marine ecosystems"... 

Muir DCG, Lawrence S, Holoka M, Fairchild WL, Segstro M, Webster GRB, Servos MR (1991), DIOXIN 9T. Abstract 44. Partitioning of polychlorinated dioxins and furans between water, sediments and biota in lake mesocoms", Research Triangle Park, USA Podoll RT, Jaber HM, MillT (1986), Environ. Sci. Technol. 20 490-492. Tetrachlorodibenzodi-oxin Rates of volatilization and photolysis in the environment"... 

Rayne, S., Ikonomou, M.G., et al (2005) Polychlorinated dioxins and furans from the World Trade Center attacks in exterior window films from lower Manhattan in New York City. Environmental Science and Technology, 39(7) 1995-2003. 

In addition to PCBs and polychlorinated dioxins and furans, there are other groups of widely distributed polychlorinated aromatic compounds ... 

It is generally assumed that plastics are mainly responsible for production of hazardous emissions, if combustion of their waste is also considered. In addition to a number of toxic gases, heavy metals (cadmium, lead and so on) and the poisonous chemical products (such as dioxins and furans) produced, are all blamed on plastics. In a number of articles, it is shown that the formation of polychlorinated dioxins and furans are due to the combustion of PVC or its co-incineration with others. 

On the basis of the PAH rejections of over 90%, the permeate would be expected to be acceptable for discharge to POTWs (Publically Owned Treatment Works) with little or no polishing. Other pollutants found in ccaitaminated waters at wood treatment facilities (e.g., polychlorinated dioxins and furans) also are concentrated in the reject stream. Other constituents commonly encountered at such sites including colloidal oils and suspended solids are also extensively removed by the membrane process. Removal efficiencies for oil and grease were 93%. Suspended solids were removed to nrai-detectable levels. These materials did not appear to have an adverse effect on the filtration process. 

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