Diols abbreviations

Benzene c -diols, namely, cw-3,5-cyclohexadien-l,2-diols abbreviated as DHCD, can be used for synthesis of poly(para-phenylene) (PPP), which is a material with high thermal stability and electricity conducting ability when doped. Several types of bacterial dioxygenases, that can catalyze the conversion of aromatic componnds to their corresponding c -diols, which can be polymerized to form PPP, are discnssed. 

Poly(propylene oxide) [25322-69-4] may be abbreviated PPO and copolymers of PO and ethylene oxide (EO) are referred to as EOPO. Diol poly(propylene oxide) is commonly referred to by the common name poly(propylene glycol) (PPG). Propylene oxide [75-56-9] and poly(propylene oxide) and its copolymers, with ethylene oxide, have by far the largest volume and importance in the polyurethane (PUR) and surfactant industry compared to all other polyepoxides. Articles reviewing propylene oxide (1), poly(propylene oxide) (2—4), other poly(aIkylene oxides) (4), and polyurethanes (5—7) are cited to lead the interested reader to additional detail not in the scope of this article. 

Unfortunately, a serious problem with the osmium tetroxide reaction is that Os04 is both very expensive and very toxic. As a result, the reaction is usually carried out using only a small, catalytic amount of OsO, in the presence of a stoichiometric amount of a safe and inexpensive co-oxidant such as A -methylmorpholine N-oxide, abbreviated NMO. The initially formed osmate intermediate reacts rapidly with NMO to yield the product diol plus... 

Figure 4. Plots of -log k0 versus AE eloc/ for diol epoxides. Rates were measured at 25 °C in 1 9 dioxaneit O, ionic strength 0.1 (NaClO ). The numbers following the PAH abbreviation, if given, designate the position of the epoxide ring. If no abbreviation is used, the diol epoxide is at a bay region. (Adapted from Refs. 25 and 30.)...

The crystallinity of PCT can be modified with diacids as well as with diols and these modified polyesters are often called acid-modified PCTs, or abbreviated as PCTAs. The most common diacid modifier is isophthalic acid (IPA), which can be incorporated in relatively low levels to lower the melting point of PCT to enhance processability while still maintaining crystallinity. The high Tm of PCT (295 °C) requires that the homopolymer be processed at temperatures greater than 300 °C, which is near the decomposition temperature [13]. 

Abbreviations coiX-V] = copolymers of X and Y colX-b-Yl = block copolymers of poly X and poly Y ST = styrene MA = methyl acrylate MMA = methyl methacrylate AN = acrylonitrile BD = butadiene LR (liquid rubbers) = a, cj-polybutadiene-diols and -dicarboxylic acids Cell-Ac = cellulose acetate Cell-N02 = cellulose nitrate. 

Abbreviations PTMA poly(tetramethylene adipate) PEA poly(ethylene adipate) MDI diphenyl-methane diisocyanate BD butane diol PAN polyacrylonitrile Ar polyarylate OBU oligobutadiene-urethane... 

The structures and biosynthetic pathways of several of the prostaglandins are indicated in Fig. 21-7. Prostaglandins are usually abbreviated PG with an additional letter and numerical subscript added to indicate the type. The E type are (3-hydroxyketones, the F type 1,3-diols, and the A type a, (3-unsatur-ated ketones. Series 2 prostaglandins arise from arachidonic acid, while series 1 and 3 arise from fatty acids containing one fewer or one more double bond, respectively (Fig. 21-7). Additional forms are known.257 259... 

The Suzuki cross-coupling reaction is recognized as a novel, abbreviated method for the synthesis of 2-hydroxychrysene, 2-hydroxy-5-methylchrysene, and 8-hydroxy-5-methyl-chrysene from easily accessible reactants (Eq. (8)) [23]. These phenolic compounds constitute precursors for the synthesis of dihydrodiol and bay-region diol epoxide derivatives of chrysene and 5-methylchrysene, which are implicated as the active forms of carcinogenic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. 

Fig. 2. Optical absorption spectra of the solvated electron in various solvents [from Ref 16 with additions]. Abbreviations HjO water MeOH methanol EtOH ethanol IPrOH propan-l-ol 2PrOH propan-2-ol 12ED ethane-1,2-diol or ethylene glycol 12PD propane-1,2-diol 13PD propane-1,3-diol GLY glycerol or propane-1,2,3-ttiol R NNTfj methyl-tributyl-ammonium bis[ttifluoromethyl-sulfonyl]imide EDA ethane-1,2-diamine 1,3PDA propane-1,3-diamine NHj ammonia MeC H toluene CjHg propane DME dimethylether DEA diethanolamine THF tettahydrofuran MeTHF methyltettahydrofiiran DEE diethylether.

In both cases the carbonyl compound is acetone, but we have to make the diol. Each diol c 1,3-relationship between the two OH groups so we could make the diols by reduction or. dicarbonyl compounds and use stable enolates in any alkylation steps. We can abbreviate benzene rings for clarity. 

FIGURE 12.1 Biosynthesis of estrogens. Abbreviations DHEA, dehydroepiandrosterone El, estrone E2, estradiol T, testosterone DHT, dihydrotestosterone. Letrozole is an aroma-tase inhibitor, Finasteride is a 5a-reductase inhibitor. Androstane-3p,17P-diol (SPO) is an estrogenic steroid and its synthesis is blocked by 5a-reductase inhibitor, but not affected by aromatase inhibitor."... 

The Keggin-type heteropolyacid (hereafter abbreviated HPA) is a unique catalyst material because it has the dual catalytic functions of strong acidity and high oxidizing capacity [1-5]. HPA has been applied commercially as an efficient catalyst in several petrochemical processes, including the direct hydration of propene (1972) [6,7], isobutene (1984) [8] and n-butenes (1989) [9], the oxidation of metha-crolein to methacrylic acid (1982) [10], the oligomerization of tetrahydrofuran to polymeric diols (1985) [11], and the oxidation of ethene to acetic acid (1997) [12]. 

Abbreviations PAH, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon DE, diol epoxide PAHDE, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon diol epoxide PAHTC, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon triol carbocation TC, triol carbocation BaP, benzo[a]pyrene BeP, benzo[e]pyrene BA, benz[a]anthracene DBA, dibenz[a,h]anthracene BcPh, benzo[c)phenanthrene Ch, chrysene MCh, methylchrysene MBA, 7-methyl benz[a]anthracene DMBA, 7,12-dimethyl benz[a]anthracene EBA, 7-ethyl benz[a]anthracene DB(a,l)P, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene MSCR, mechanism-based structure-carcinogenicity relationship PMO, Perturbational molecular orbital method dA, deoxyadenosine dC, deoxycytosine dG, deoxyguanosine MOS, monoxygenase enzyme system EH, epoxide hydrolase enzyme system N2(G), exocyclic nitrogen of guanine C, electrophilic centre of PAHTC K, intercalation constant CD, circular dichroism LD, linear dichroism. 

Poly(butylenes terephthalate), often abbreviated to PBT or PBTP, is manufactured by condensation polymeri2ation of dimethyl terephthalate and butane-1,4-diol in the presence of tetrabutyl titanate. The polymer is also known as poly(tetramethylene terephthalate), PTMT in short. Some trade names for this engineering thermoplastic are Tenite PTMT (Eastman Kodak), Valox (General Electric), Celanex (Celanese) in America and Amite PBTP (Akzo), Ultradur (BASF), Pocan (Bayer), and Crastin (Ciba-Geigy) in Europe. 

Prostaglandins, PG a group of biologically active unsaturated C20 fatty acids derived primarily from Arachidonic acid (see). The PG are related structurally and metabolically to the Letrkotrienes (see) and Thromboxanes (see). All PG can be consider as formal derivatives of prostanoic add (which does not occur naturally). The conventional abbreviation is PG, with an additional letter and number. The E series are p-hydroxyketones, the F series are 1,3-diols the A type are a,P-unsaturated ketones. All PG have a double bond at C13 and an OH group at CIS. The series number indicates the number of double bonds, which depends on the fatty acid precursor. Series 1 are biosynthesized from 8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid, series 2 from arachidonic add, and series 3 from 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic add. Series 2 compounds are most abundant. Some PG have little or no biological activity and are presumably metabolic products of the active spedes. The active species are... 

Fig. 1.6 Phase diagram of 5-[4-(5- -heptylpyrimidine-2-yl)phenyloxy]-pentane-l,2-diol and water (phase diagram redrawn after [22]). It was shown in later work, that the lyotropic SmC analog phase is indeed a columnar phase [23, 24], The isotropic phase is denoted with the abbreviation Tso and the two crystalline phases with Crj or CT2 , respectively. For an explanation of the occurring mesophases and their abbreviations see Chap. 3...

Lead tetraacetate (abbreviated LTA) reacts with diols to give the same kind of oxidative cleavage. When 69 is treated with LTA, the initial cyclic product is cyclic intermediate 73, which fragments to butanal and acetaldehyde. Periodic acid gives the same cleavage reaction. Both periodic acid and lead tetraacetate are mild and effective reagents for the oxidative cleavage of diols. 

In the sample abbreviation PUC20-a-E4 or PUC10-r-E4, U represents block PU a, alternating r, random C20 and E4, PCL-diol (M =2000), and PEG (M =400), respectively. The structures of PUCL-a/f-PEG and PUCL-ran-PEG were confirmed... 

Nucleophilic acyl addition of water (hydration) to a carbonyl group of an aldehyde or a ketone forms a geminal diol, commonly abbreviated gem-diol. 

List of abbreviations and trivial names. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHA, D), 3/J-hydroxyandrost-5-en-17-one androstenediol (A°-diol, A ), androsta-5-en-3/S, 17 -diol androstenetriol (triol), androsta-5-en-3, 16o, 17 -triol androsterone (A), 3ot-hy-droxy-5a-androstan-17-one 5/S-androsterone (5fiA), 3a-hydroxy-5/3-androstan-17-one epiandrosterone, 3/3-hydroKy-5o-androstan-17-one androstanediol (Adiol), 5a-and-rostan-3a, 17/S-diol 3/S-androstanediol, 5a-androstan-3/9, 17/3-diol 5/3-androstanediol (5 Adiol), 5/S-androstan-3a, 17 -diol androstenedione (A ), androsta-4-en-3, 17,... 

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