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Difference method

Air-filled porosity of the soil at a given soil water content is obtained by subtracting the water content value from its total pore space. [Pg.51]

Bulk density of soil Particle density of soil [Pg.52]


A distinction must be made between the different methods with respect to the temperature attained during combustion because the reaction ... [Pg.31]

For these different methods, the detection is either by volume measurement, gravimetry, conductimetry or coulometry. [Pg.32]

For the determination of the approximated solution of this equation the finite difference method and the finite element method (FEM) can be used. FEM has advantages because of lower requirements to the diseretization. If the material properties within one element are estimated to be constant the last term of the equation becomes zero. Figure 2 shows the principle discretization for the field computation. [Pg.313]

There are difficulties of detecting defects in axial canal because of solid sediment layer of 1. 2 mm thick on the canal surface. When using known defectoscope devices a preliminary labor-intensive mechanical treatment of the axial canal surface is needed. The experience of application of different methods of rotor axial canal control in multifunction automatic device ROTOR - K has pointed to the fact that the most effective method is eddy current one [1]. All the dangerous cracks were just detected by the eddy current method, the part of the cracks were not... [Pg.346]

The calibration of the SPATE system can be carried out by two different methods ... [Pg.410]

Surface Tension Values as Obtained by Different Methods... [Pg.35]

It will be seen that each method for surface area determination involves the measurement of some property that is observed qualitatively to depend on the extent of surface development and that can be related by means of theory to the actual surface area. It is important to realize that the results obtained by different methods differ, and that one should in general expect them to differ. The problem is that the concept of surface area turns out to be a rather elusive one as soon as it is examined in detail. [Pg.572]

Finally, in the case of solids, there is the difficulty that surface atoms and molecules differ in their properties from one location to another. The discussion in Section VII-4 made clear the variety of surface heterogeneities possible in the case of a solid. Those measurements that depend on the state of surface atoms or molecules will generally be influenced differently by such heterogeneities. Different methods of measuring surface area will thus often not only give different absolute values, but may also give different relative values for a series of solids. [Pg.574]

A rather different method from the preceding is that based on the rate of dissolving of a soluble material. At any given temperature, one expects the initial dissolving rate to be proportional to the surface area, and an experimental verification of this expectation has been made in the case of rock salt (see Refs. 26,27). Here, both forward and reverse rates are important, and the rate expressions are... [Pg.577]

Figure Bl.26.23. Current-voltage curves observed in the retarding potential difference method of work-fimction Miboxfmeasurement] (Hudson J B 1992 Surface Science (Stoneham, MA Butterworth-Heinemaim)). Figure Bl.26.23. Current-voltage curves observed in the retarding potential difference method of work-fimction Miboxfmeasurement] (Hudson J B 1992 Surface Science (Stoneham, MA Butterworth-Heinemaim)).
The basic ideas underlying most, if not all, of tire energy-difference methods follow... [Pg.2188]

The gradient of the PES (force) can in principle be calculated by finite difference methods. This is, however, extremely inefficient, requiring many evaluations of the wave function. Gradient methods in quantum chemistiy are fortunately now very advanced, and analytic gradients are available for a wide variety of ab initio methods [123-127]. Note that if the wave function depends on a set of parameters X], for example, the expansion coefficients of the basis functions used to build the orbitals in molecular orbital (MO) theory. [Pg.267]

The different methods of manufacturing sulphuric acid are essentially the same in principle and consist of three distinct processes ... [Pg.296]

Fig. 1. Explanation of the principles of the finite-difference method for solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation... Fig. 1. Explanation of the principles of the finite-difference method for solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation...
Equation (23) represents the essence of the finite-difference method [21, 22, 23, 24],... [Pg.184]

Fig. 1. CPU times (in hours) for 1 ps MD runs for various proteins using three different methods, direct velocity Verlet with a time-step 0.5 fs, r-RESPA with direct evaluation of electrostatic forces and an overall time-step of 4.0 fs, and r-RESPA/TFMM with an overall time-step 4.0 fs (combination of (2,2,2,2) in force breakup).The energy conservation parameter log AE for the three methods are comparable. The CPU time (hours) is for RISC6000 /MODEL 590 computer. Fig. 1. CPU times (in hours) for 1 ps MD runs for various proteins using three different methods, direct velocity Verlet with a time-step 0.5 fs, r-RESPA with direct evaluation of electrostatic forces and an overall time-step of 4.0 fs, and r-RESPA/TFMM with an overall time-step 4.0 fs (combination of (2,2,2,2) in force breakup).The energy conservation parameter log AE for the three methods are comparable. The CPU time (hours) is for RISC6000 /MODEL 590 computer.
Here, the obvious choice would be y = y". However, as was first proposed in [8] for a different method described at the end of this section, it turns out to be favorable to take an averaged position value... [Pg.423]

Basically, two different methods arc commonly used for representing a chemical struchiive in 3D space. Both methods utilize different coordinate systems to describe the spatial arrangement of the atoms of a molecule under con.sidcration. The most common way is to choose a Cartesian coordinate system, i.e., to code the X-, y-, and z-coordinates of each atom, usually as floating point numbers, For each atom the Cartesian coordinates can be listed in a single row. giving consecutively the X-, )> , and z-valnc.s. Figure 2-90 illustrates this method for methane. [Pg.92]

For all the different methods of chemical visualization, a lar e number of special techniques arc available, depending on the purpose of visualization. These software programs can be installed on a local computer or can be operated via the Internet. An ovemew of these programs is given in Section 2.12.3. [Pg.130]

Figure 10.3-34. The plajiiiing of a synthesis is neither a classical bottom-up nor a top-down search, ft is an array of different methods for searching and planning, applied In both the retrosynthetic and the synthetic directions. Figure 10.3-34. The plajiiiing of a synthesis is neither a classical bottom-up nor a top-down search, ft is an array of different methods for searching and planning, applied In both the retrosynthetic and the synthetic directions.
The lead discovery process is depicted in Figure 10.4-4 and shows how the different methods are interconnected. A lead structure can be discovered by serendipity. In rational drug design all information available about a target serves to direct... [Pg.605]

There are many algorithms for integrating the equations of motion using finite difference methods, several of which are commonly used in molecular dynamics calculations. All algorithms assume that the positions and dynamic properties (velocities, accelerations, etc.) can be approximated as Taylor series expansions ... [Pg.369]

How can Equation (11.79) be solved Before computers were available only simple ihapes could be considered. For example, proteins were modelled as spheres or ellipses Tanford-Kirkwood theory) DNA as a uniformly charged cylinder and membranes as planes (Gouy-Chapman theory). With computers, numerical approaches can be used to solve the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. A variety of numerical methods can be employed, including finite element and boundary element methods, but we will restrict our discussion to the finite difference method first introduced for proteins by Warwicker and Watson [Warwicker and Watson 1982]. Several groups have implemented this method here we concentrate on the work of Honig s group, whose DelPhi program has been widely used. [Pg.620]


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A Study of Graphenes Prepared by Different Methods Characterization

A simple finite difference method for plane, steady-state temperature fields

Alternating direction implicit finite-difference method

Analyses Given by Different Methods

Application methods differences

Assay Methods Based on Different Readouts

Assessment of the Different Methods

B Finite difference method

Backward difference method

Bijvoet difference method

Calculated vs Experimental Chemical Shift Tensors Using Different NMR Methods

Calculation Procedures Based on Different Integral Methods

Combination differences, method

Combination differences, method spectra

Comparison Between the Different Methods

Comparison of Different Methods

Comparison of Different Steam Pricing Methods

Control Volume Based Finite Difference Method

Convolution difference method

Crank-Nicholson finite-difference implicit method

Density difference method

Denuder difference method

Difference Fourier method

Difference equation method

Difference method modulus

Difference method properties

Difference method with constant material properties

Difference method with temperature dependent material

Difference method, microdialysis

Difference methods for solving nonlinear equations of mathematical physics

Difference methods, FTIR

Difference point method

Difference-differential methods

Different DFT-Based Methods Used in the Study of Excited States

Different Methods

Different Methods

Different Methods for Preparing the Powder Mass

Different Methods of Screening

Different Methods used to Monitor the Progress of Some Reactions

Different Sensing Methods

Different active ester methods

Differential equations difference methods

Double-difference method

Electrospinning method different morphologies

Equilibrium-dispersive model finite difference methods

Explicit and Implicit Finite Difference Methods

Explicit finite difference method

Extending the finite difference method

Extrasolar Planets Found by Different Detection Methods

FILLERS IN DIFFERENT PROCESSING METHODS

Finite Difference Method for Elliptic Equations

Finite Difference Method variance equation

Finite Difference Methods and Interpolation

Finite difference Hartree-Fock method

Finite difference Hartree-Fock method development

Finite difference Poisson-Boltzmann method

Finite difference calculation method

Finite difference method complex geometries

Finite difference method dispersion

Finite difference method elliptic equation

Finite difference method first derivative

Finite difference method for BVPs

Finite difference method in Excel

Finite difference method numerical diffusion

Finite difference method partial differential equation

Finite difference method second derivative

Finite difference method, equal-distance

Finite difference method, mechanism

Finite difference methods

Finite difference methods application

Finite difference methods discretization

Finite difference methods explicit method

Finite difference methods fixed grid

Finite difference methods front tracking

Finite difference methods general description

Finite difference methods moving grid

Finite difference time domain method

Finite-difference method methods

Finite-difference methods iteration

Finite-difference methods, polarizability

Finite-difference methods, polarizability calculations

Finite-difference solution by the explicit method

First- order difference method

First-order finite differences method

Flux-difference methods, homogeneous

Flux-difference methods, homogeneous systems

Force field methods structurally different molecules

Forward difference methods

Fragment charge difference method

Frechet derivative calculation using finite difference methods

Fukui function finite difference method

General considerations and comparison between different chromatographic methods

Grounding different methods, application

Infrared combined with different methods

Interfacial stresses difference method model

Least significant difference method

Mathematical methods difference-differential equations

Mathematical modeling finite-difference methods

Metal different drying methods

Method involving more than one thermogram at different heating rates

Method of finite differences

Methods for designing difference schemes

Methods involving different heating rates

Minimal steric difference method

Minimal topological difference method

Minimal topological difference method biological activities

Minimal topological difference method structures

Minimum topological difference method

Molecular dynamics finite difference methods

Molecular volume difference method

Molecular volume difference method linear

Molecular volume difference method radius

Molecular volume difference method surface

Normal stress differences experimental methods

Numerical Finite-Difference Methods for Unsteady-State Conduction

Numerical methods finite difference calculus

Numerical methods finite difference formulation

Numerical methods finite differences

Ordinary differential equations, boundary value finite difference method

Partial differential equations the finite differences method

Polyisoprene different polymerization methods

Precision difference method

Pressure difference, interfacial method

Results from Different Methods

Schrodinger equation finite-difference methods

Second order difference method

Solution Methods for Linear Finite Difference Equations

Spectroscopic Methods Applicable to Different Sample Sizes

Structures, different methods

Structures, different methods representing

Surface Tension Values as Obtained by Different Methods

Systematic differences between methods

The Difference Fourier Method

The Finite Difference Method

The correlation between different normalisation methods

The implicit difference method from J. Crank and P. Nicolson

The simple, explicit difference method for transient heat conduction problems

Theoretical methods finite difference method

Thermal analysis finite difference method

Total energy difference method

Types for the Different Polymerization Methods

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