Diets Standards

Values show average (9-10 rats/diet) + standard deviation. bBased on urine collection made the last five days each month. 

W. B. Clarke, R. S. Gibson, Lithium, boron and nitrogen in 1-day composites and a mixed-diet standard, J. Food Comp. Anal., 1 (1988), 209-220. 

Nonetheless, lipids serve a wide variety of functions essential to living systems and are required in our diet. Standards of fat intake have not been experimentally determined. However, the most recent U.S. Dietary Guidelines recommend that dietary fat not exceed 30% of the daily caloric intake, and no more than 10% should be saturated fats. 

Mpdarately Low-Carbohydrata, High-Protein Diet Standard Diat (50% carbobydrata) High Carbohydrate. Low-Fat Diet ... 

Description of Method. Salt substitutes, which are used in place of table salt for individuals on a low-sodium diet, contain KCI. Depending on the brand, fumaric acid, calcium hydrogen phosphate, or potassium tartrate also may be present. Typically, the concentration of sodium in a salt substitute is about 100 ppm. The concentration of sodium is easily determined by flame atomic emission. Because it is difficult to match the matrix of the standards to that of the sample, the analysis is accomplished by the method of standard additions. 

Protein efficiency ratio (PER) = weight gain(g) for a 10% protein level in the diet of rats as compared to the standard of 2.5 for casein. 

A commercially interesting low calorie fat has been produced from sucrose. Proctor Gamble has patented a mixture of penta- to octafatty acid ester derivatives of sucrose under the brand name Olestra. It was approved by the FDA in January 1996 for use as up to 100% replacement for the oil used in preparing savory snacks and biscuits. Olestra, a viscous, bland-tasting Hquid insoluble in water, has an appearance and color similar to refined edible vegetable oils. It is basically inert from a toxicity point of view as it is not metabolized or absorbed. It absorbs cholesterol (low density Hpoprotein) and removes certain fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). Hence, Olestra has to be supplemented with these vitamins. No standard LD q tests have been performed on Olestra however, several chronic and subchronic studies were performed at levels of 15% in the diet, and no evidence of toxicity was found. No threshold limit value (TLV), expressed as a maximum exposure per m of air, has been estabhshed, but it is estimated to be similar to that of an inert hpid material at 5 mg/m. ... 

Coarse abrasives Single suction. Not available for full range of ratings, that is, small capacities not too easily obtained. Often have very large impellers operated at slow speeds for use when solids larger than 1" diameter are the standard diet. This would be of the type called dredge pumps handling sizeable rocks. Closed. 

Unlike human trials. Institutional Review Boards/Independent Ethics Committees are not involved, while informed consent is only required from the owner of the trial animals. In addition to the standard items associated with human trials, aspects such as management and housing of animals, diet and disposal of trial animals and their produce should be included in the trial protocol. Studies may be blinded from the investigators in order to avoid bias in the reporting of animal observations. 

Of the three elements for which analyses were carried out, only strontium is thought to have potential as a dietary indicator (reviewed by Sandford 1992 Ezzo 1994 Burton and Price, this volume). Mean Rb for 19 samples is 6 ppm with a standard deviation of 0.7 ppm. Mean Zn for 19 samples is 571 ppm with a standard deviation of 220 ppm. The range for zinc is very large with a minimum value of 267 and a maximum value of 1,144. This range suggests that there is little to be learned regarding diet or physiology. Trace element results for bone samples are presented in Table 1.4. 

For Klasies, although most values for both enamel and bone apatite fall within one standard deviation of the mean of (corrected) modem browser values (Fig. 5.5), some bone specimens fall outside this range. These enriched specimens suggest that a limited degree of equilibration with matrix carbonates has taken place, although inclusion of a limited amount of Q grass in the diet is a plausible alternative explanation for UCT 1025, Raphicerus sp. which as noted above could be the more opportunistic species, Raphicerus campestris. 

Table All.l. Carbon isotope and protein content of experimental diets used for modeling in this paper. The values are 5 C in %o with reference to the PDB standard, except for protein content (by weight) which is in %. The type of diet corresponds to the Ambrose and Norr (1993) and Tieszen and Fagre (1993)...

Table 12,2. Experimental conditions, mean 5 N values and diet-tissue and tissue-tissue dilTerence values (A N) of rats not subjected to water stress and/or heat stress, Diet 8 N values are those of the protein source rather than the whole diet pellets. SD = standard deviation, co-d = collagen-diet, h-d = hair-dici, f-d = flesh-diet, co-f = collagen-flesh. 

The effects of protein deficiency on endosulfan toxicity were studied in Wistar rats (Boyd and Dobos 1969 Boyd et al. 1970). Rats fed a diet totally deficient in protein for 28 days prior to administration of a single oral dose of endosulfan had an LDjq of 5.1 mg/kg of endosulfan. Rats fed a low-protein diet (3.5% protein) for 28 days had an LDjq of 24 mg/kg of endosulfan. Rats fed standard laboratory chow (26% protein) had an LDjq of 102-121 mg/kg. The immediate cause of death in all animals was respiratory failure following tonic-clonic convulsions. This study demonstrated that, while a protein-deficient diet does not affect the nature of the toxic reaction, it may affect the sensitivity of rats to the lethal effects of endosulfan. 

The mean dietary intake of soy isoflavones in Asian populations consuming soy-based diets ranges from 20-40 mg isoflavones/day, with upper percentile consumer intakes of 70 mg/day (corresponding to around 1 mg/kg body weight). In the six month intervention studies in Western postmenopausal women, the effective dose for improved BMD was around 80-90 mg/day, while in the one year, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial, the effective dose was 54 mg/day. Overall, the dietary recommendation is to consume 50 mg isoflavones/day in combination with standard nutritional requirements for calcium and vitamin D. 

An overall osteoprotective effect is associated with soy diets, the major active component being the isoflavones although the contribution (if any) of soy protein has to be clarified. The spine, rather than the femur, appears to be the most consistently protected bone site. The average daily intake in Japanese women is around 50 mg/day and appears to be sufficient to have a long-term protective effect on the spine. In non-Asian, postmenopausal women, the demonstrated effective dose is 80-90 mg/day. In future clinical studies, investigating the effect of isoflavones on bone metabolism, larger scale, randomized, controlled, intervention trials for longer time periods (1-3 years) will be necessary with a standardized source of soy protein/isoflavones and... 

Animal treatment. Male 100-g MRC-Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rats were fasted from the evening of the previous day but were given water. Non-fasted 30-35 g Swiss mice were used. Except where specified otherwise, the animals received a standard commercial diet (Wayne Lab Blox, Allied Mills). In the standard experiments, animals were gavaged with 25 mg morpholine (Fisher Scientific Co.) in 10 mL water/rat or 2 mg morpholine in 0.2 mL water/mouse. A stream of NO2 was prepared by suitable mixing (using Teflon tubing) of gas from a cylinder of 106 ppm N0 in N (Linde Division, Union Carbide Corp.) and compressed air. 

Our method for NMOR determination. The following procedure (carried out in a single day) was developed for blood, stomach contents, the homogenized whole mouse, and diet [(a standard semisynthetic diet prepared as in (9)]. After the rats were killed with C0 , we collected the blood (with a heparinized syringe from the heart) and the entire stomach contents. The whole mouse was frozen in liquid N2 and homogenized as in (2) ... 

Figure 4. Di- and TriGalA found in colon contents of conventional rats fed with a diet containing low-esterified pectin (above) and in a caecum extract with a standard mixture of OligoGalA (DP 2-5) (below)...

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