Asian population

Moreover, there exist polymorphic MOP variants. An Asn40Asp polymorphism has been found with a high abundance in the Caucasian and Asian population. This receptor variant is less expressed in the brain and carrier of this polymorphism appears to need more opioids for analgesic treatment. There are many additional MOP polymorphisms with unknown functional significance. In spite of many studies there appears to exist no significant association of polymorphisms in the MOP gene and drug addiction [5]. 

Cytochrome P450 2C19 Deficient activity in about 3% of Caucasian populations and in about 20% of Asian populations. Prolonged action of several CYP2C19 inactivated drugs like omeprazole or diazepam in the poor metabolizers. 

Tan EC, Tan CH, Karupathivan U, et al Mu opioid receptor gene polymorphisms and heroin dependence in Asian populations. Neuroreport 14 569—572, 2003... 

In some Asian populations and Native Americans, alcohol consumption results in increased adverse reactions to acetaldehyde owing to a genetic defect of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. 

Crossing relationships among North American and eastern Asian populations of... 

Asian populations of Agastache stcMon Agastache (Labiatae). Amer. J. Bot. 74 385-393. 

Mortality rates from CVD are generally lower in Asian populations compared to Western populations (Knight and Eden, 1996). Although many dietary factors are known to play a protective role in CVD and it has been suggested that phytoestrogen content of Asian diets may be responsible for the cardioprotective effect. 

The mean dietary intake of soy isoflavones in Asian populations consuming soy-based diets ranges from 20-40 mg isoflavones/day, with upper percentile consumer intakes of 70 mg/day (corresponding to around 1 mg/kg body weight). In the six month intervention studies in Western postmenopausal women, the effective dose for improved BMD was around 80-90 mg/day, while in the one year, randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial, the effective dose was 54 mg/day. Overall, the dietary recommendation is to consume 50 mg isoflavones/day in combination with standard nutritional requirements for calcium and vitamin D. 

Such evidence indicates that it might be unnecessary to reach the same intake of soy products as Japanese or other Asian populations to reach the same plasma levels of isoflavones. The rationale for such a difference could be a different bioavailability of the ingested isoflavones. Indeed, in most Asians a deficiency of an intestinal lactase, responsible for P-glucosides hydrolysis, might explain the lower isoflavones concentrations in the blood of the Japanese (Day et ai, 2000). 

Caucasian EMs, but may be comparable to those in other Asian populations (Lou, 1990). 

Compared to antipsychotics, there are even fewer studies on the prescribing patterns of antidepressants done in Asian countries. Pi etal. (1985) conducted a survey of psychotropic prescribing practices reported by psychiatrists in 29 medical schools in 9 Asian countries. Daily dose range of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) such as amitriptyline, imipramine, and nortriptyline in Asian countries was comparable to the practice in USA. This is despite differences found between Asian and non-Asian populations in the pharmacokinetics of TCAs (Pi et al, 1993). A questionnaire on the practical prescribing approaches in mood disorders administered to 298 Japanese psychiatrists was reported by Oshima et al. (1999). As first-line treatment, the majority of respondents chose newer TCAs or non-TCAs for moderate depression and older TCAs for severe depression. Combination of antidepressants and anxiolytics was preferred in moderate depression, while an antidepressant and antipsychotic combination was common in severe psychotic depression. Surprisingly, sulpiride was the most favored drug for dysthymia. In a naturalistic, prospective follow-up of 95 patients with major depression in Japan, the proportion of patients receiving 125 mg/day or less of imipramine was 69% at one month and 67% at six months (Furukawa et al., 2000). 

Collie-Duguid ES, Pritchard SC, Pow-rie RH et al. The frequency and distribution of thiopurine methyltransferase alleles in Caucasian and Asian populations. Pharmacogenetics 1999 9 37-42. 

TPMT 3C accounted for 100% of the mutant alleles observed in the Ghanaian subjects. This is similarly found in 101 Kenyans and 192 Chinese subjects, as well as in Sudanese and Filipino subjects (Table 24.1 Figure 24.2) [52, 54]. This contrasts with the Caucasian (British, American, French) subjects, where 5.7, 5.5 and 11.4% of variant alleles were TPMT 3C, respectively (Table 24.1). TPMT 3 A was not detected in the African or Asian populations, but accounted for 84.9, 81.4 and 88.9% of variant alleles in British, American, and French Caucasians, respectively. Therefore, mutations at nucleotide 719 (TPMT 3C) is common in all populations studied to date, but occurs most often in the presence of a simultaneous mutation at nucleotide 460 (TPMT 3A) in Caucasian subjects (Table 24.1). 

Differences in environmental and dietary factors may contribute to the differences in allele frequencies in the African/African American, Caucasian and Asian populations. PGP exists in several normal tissues where it probably has the physiological role of excreting xenobiotics and protecting important tissues from such compounds when they are present in the blood [62, 63]. Allelic differences of sev-... 

There was no significant difference in the TSER 2 and TSER 3 allele frequencies between the African, Caucasian and Southwest Asian subjects [82, 83]. There was, however, a significant difference between the Asian populations (Chinese, Filipino and Japanese) and all other populations for both TSER 2 and TSER 3 (p< 0.001] (Table 24.4) [82]. This is in contrast to previous population studies where a shift in the predominant allele is usually observed during migration from... 

These results would imply external influences, e.g., dietary intake of thymidine, are stabilizing the TSER allele frequency among populations where differences would be expected. In the Asian populations, TSER 3 is about 5- to 6-fold more common than TSER 2 [82]. Higher levels of TS induced by the presence of... 

Marsh S, Collie-Duguid ESR, Li T, Liu X, McLeod HL. Ethnic variation in the thymidylate synthase enhancer region polymorphism among Caucasian and Asian populations. Genomics 1999 58 310-312. 

Susceptibility to bladder cancer in humans has been linked to the slow acetylator phenotype of the polymorphic NAT2 AT-acetyltrans-ferase gene. In a study from China, a 25-fold increase in bladder cancer incidence and a 17-fold increase in bladder cancer mortality were determined in 1972 benzidine-exposed workers. In the Asian population the slow acetylator phenotype occurs significantly less often than in Caucasian populations, but an association between those who contracted bladder cancer and phenotype has yet to be determined for this group. Other, more recent data have suggested that the acetylation rate may not be an important risk factor for developing bladder cancer. ... 

Genotypic differences of MCAD deficiency in the Asian population novel genotype and clinical symptoms preceding newborn screening notification. 

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