Food and Nutrition Board dietary reference intakes

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 2000 (www.nap.edu). 

National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board, Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1998, pp. 309 22. 

ICCIDD. (2002). Volume 18, 2002. http //www.iccidd.org/ pages/protecting-childern/global-efforts/the-gobal-picture.php Institute of Medicine (2002). Food and Nutrition Board Dietary Reference Intakes. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. Kirk, A.B., Martinelango, P.K., Tian, K., Dutta, A., Smith, E.E. and Dasgupta, P.K. (2003). Environ. Sci. Technol. 39, 2011-2017. 

National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrate, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients). http //www.nal.usda.gOv/fnic/DRI//DRI Energy/ 422-541.pdf (February 9, 2009). 

To replace recommended dietary allowances, the Food and Nutrition Board created the dietary reference intakes made up of seven nutrient groups. 

In addition to RDIs and RDAs, there is a set of values termed the dietary reference intakes (DRIs). These are the most recent set of dietary recommendations established by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine, 1997-2001. DRIs vary significantly from the current RDIs and may provide the basis for updating the RDIs in the future (see www.nal.usda.gOv/fnic/etext/000105.html). 

Data from Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. Dietary proteins and amino acids. Reference Intakes for Energy, etc. Washington, DC National Academy Press (2002) 10 1-143 (see also Matthews (2006)). 

Ca requirements in the United States are currently set as AIs. The recommended AI for Ca is an approximated value estimated to cover the needs of all healthy individuals in the age group based on experimental or observational data that show a mean intake which appears to sustain a desired indicator of health (e.g., desirable Ca retention) however, lack of sufficient evidence precludes specifying with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake (Standing Committee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine, 1997). 

Standing Committee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine (1997). In "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride." National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 

Committees of experts organized by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences have compiled Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)—estimates of the amounts of nutrients required to prevent deficiencies and maintain optimal health. DRIs replace and expand on Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs), which have been published wih periodic revisions since 1941. Unlike the RDAs, the DRIs establish Lpper limits on the consumption of some nutrients, and incorporate the role of nutrients in lifelong health, going beyond deficiency diseases. Boh the DRIs and the RDAs refer to long-term average daily nutrient itakes, because it is not necessary to consume the full RDA every day. 

Table 1 Dietary reference intakes recommended intakes for individuals, Food, and Nutrition Board, The Institute of Medicine, National Academies... 

Lecithin is the main dietary source of choline. The U.S. National Academy of Science s (NAS) Food and Nutrition Board recently underscored the importance of lecithin in human nutrition by assigning chohne (the vitamin component of PC) a dietary reference intake (DRI) in 1998 (244). Although it is true that lecithin and choline are present in a variety of foods, the specific amount of lecithin and choline in foods is currently unknown. At this time, no comprehensive analysis of choline in the food supply exists. Such an analysis is, however, underway and it is estimated that the extensive USDA database of foods will be fully analyzed for choline content by 2005. The analysis will include all forms of choline found in food. 

The average daily intake of fiber in the United States is about 12 g. The Food and Nutrition Board has not established a requirement for fiber but states that fiber intake should be derived from fruits, vegetables, legumes, and cereals, not from fiber concentrates. If a recommended dietary allowance for fiber is established, it will refer to specific types of fiber rather than to fiber in general. 

Food and Nutrition Board lOM. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Roboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B6, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington, DC National Academy Press, 1998. 

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