Dietary reference intake elements

Anonymous. Dietary Reference Intakes Elements. National Academies Press, Washington, DC, 2001. 

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Cu, 17-18% of the DRI of K, P, and Fe, and between 5 and 13% of the DRI of Zn, Mg, and Mn (Table 5.1). Potatoes are generally not rich in Ca, but can be a valuable source of trace elements, such as Se and I, if fertilized appropriately (Eurola et al., 1989 Poggi et al., 2000 Turakainen et al., 2004 Broadley et al., 2006). Moreover, since potato tubers have relatively high concentrations of organic compounds that stimulate the absorption of mineral micronutrients by humans, such as ascorbate (vitamin C), protein cysteine and various organic and amino acids (USDA, 2006), and low concentrations of compounds that limit their absorption, such as phytate (0.11-0.27% dry matter Frossard et al., 2000 Phillippy et al., 2004) and oxalate (0.03% dry matter Bushway et al., 1984), the bioavailability of mineral elements in potatoes is potentially high. 

Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies [www.iom.edu] Food Nutrition > Dietary Reference Intakes > DRI Tables > Electrolytes and Water Elements. 

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used quite a lot and refer to a set of four nutrient-based reference values that represent the approach to provide quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes. The DRIs replace and expand on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) for Canada. The DRIs consist of the RDAs, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and the Adequate Intake (AI). Generally, each of these values represents average daily nutrient intake of individuals in the diet (Goldhaber, 2003 Murphy and Poos, 2002 Parr et ah, 2006 Trumbo et ah, 2001 Yates et ah, 1998). In addition, dietary intake data for minerals could be assessed within the context of the bioavailability and other factors affecting the utilization of elements by the human body, such as age, sex, and health aspects (Dokkum, 1995). 

Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board, 2010. Dietary Reference Intakes RDA and AI for Vitamins and Elements. National Academic Press, Washington DC, USA. 

Dietary intakes of trace elements can be assessed for individual patients or population groups by direct dietary analysis and by taking dietary histories. The estimated intakes can then be compared with the current dietary reference values. 

R. M. Parr, Human dietary intakes of trace elements a global literature survey mainly for the period 1970-1991 data listings and references, Report IAEA-NAHRES-12, Vienna, International Atomic Energy Agency, 1992. 

Based primarily on immunological studies in model systems, dietary recommendations, though tentative, should include moderation of caloric and lipid intake. The recommended dietary intakes of trace elements and antioxidants, for selected populations such as pregnant women, should be reexamined with reference... 

Molybdenum occurs naturally in various ores the principal source being molybdenite (MoS ). Molybdenum compounds are used primarily in the production of metal allo). Molybdenum is also considered an essential trace element with the provisional recommended dietary intake of 75-250 pg/day for adults and older children. There is no information available on the acute or subchronic oral toxicity of molybdenum in humans. Subchronic and chronic Reference Concentrations (RfC) for Mo are not available. Information on the inhalation toxicity of Mo in humans following acute and subchronic exposures is also not available. The chronic oral Reference Dose (RfD) for Mo and Mo compounds is 0.005 mg/kg/day, based on biochemical indices in humans. The subchronic RfD is also 0.005 mg/kg/day. Mo is placed in EPA Group D, not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans. ... 

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