Dietary reference intake vitamins

Eood and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine (2001) Dietary reference intakes. Vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. National Academy Press, Washington, DC... 

Institute of Medicine, Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academies Press, Washington, 2001. 

Standing Committee of the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes, Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine (1997). In "Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride." National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 

Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin Bg, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline. Washington National Academy, 1998. 

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Cu, 17-18% of the DRI of K, P, and Fe, and between 5 and 13% of the DRI of Zn, Mg, and Mn (Table 5.1). Potatoes are generally not rich in Ca, but can be a valuable source of trace elements, such as Se and I, if fertilized appropriately (Eurola et al., 1989 Poggi et al., 2000 Turakainen et al., 2004 Broadley et al., 2006). Moreover, since potato tubers have relatively high concentrations of organic compounds that stimulate the absorption of mineral micronutrients by humans, such as ascorbate (vitamin C), protein cysteine and various organic and amino acids (USDA, 2006), and low concentrations of compounds that limit their absorption, such as phytate (0.11-0.27% dry matter Frossard et al., 2000 Phillippy et al., 2004) and oxalate (0.03% dry matter Bushway et al., 1984), the bioavailability of mineral elements in potatoes is potentially high. 

Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamins and minerals in individuals one year and older. EAR = Estimated Average Requirement RDA = Recommended Dietary Allowance ... 

Food and Nutrition Board. 2000. Vitamin E. In Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids A Report of the Panel on Dietary Antioxidants and Related Compound, pp. 193-194. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C. 

Absence of reported adverse effects does not mean that there is no potential for adverse effects from high intake. Caution should still be used when taking doses well in excess of the recommended daily amounts. Adapted from Institute of Medicine of the National Academies [www.iom.edu) Food Nutrition > Dietary Reference Intakes > DRI Tables > Vitamins. 

The U.S./Canadian Dietary Reference intakes report (Institute of Medicine, 2000) departed from tradition by considering only the contribution of the 2R isomers to vitamin E intake, and proposed an equivalence of 0.45 iu per mg for synthetic all-rac-a-tocopherol, although in consideration of upper tolerable levels of intake (Section 4.6.1), they considered the contribution of aU isomers equally However, although the 2S isomers have a shorter half-life than -tocopherol in the circulation, and hence a lower apparent biological availability, they are active in animal biological assays (Hoppe and Krennrich, 2000). 

Lecithin is the main dietary source of choline. The U.S. National Academy of Science s (NAS) Food and Nutrition Board recently underscored the importance of lecithin in human nutrition by assigning chohne (the vitamin component of PC) a dietary reference intake (DRI) in 1998 (244). Although it is true that lecithin and choline are present in a variety of foods, the specific amount of lecithin and choline in foods is currently unknown. At this time, no comprehensive analysis of choline in the food supply exists. Such an analysis is, however, underway and it is estimated that the extensive USDA database of foods will be fully analyzed for choline content by 2005. The analysis will include all forms of choline found in food. 

National Academy of Sciences Food and Nutrition Board, Dietary reference intakes for thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin and choline. National Academy Press, Washington D.C., 1998, pp. 309 22. 

The. second organization that provides nutritional guidelines is the Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences. Institute of Medicine. Their guidelines are publi.shed in the form of dietary reference intakes (DRIs), which include. several ways of evaluating the proper intake of vitamins and minerals, such as the e.stimated average requirement (EAR), recommended dietary allowance (RDA). ade-... 

TABLE 26-2 Dietary Reference Intakes of the Vitamins for Individuals ... 

DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKE FOR VITAMIN A ILaHI The current DRI is 700 (women) to 900 (men) meg, which is the equivalent of 2,333 to 3,000 international units (IU). For packaged goods, look on the Nutrition Facts panel for vitamin A content higher than 10 percent DV (daily value), and look on the ingredients list as well for a carotenoid provitamin A source—such as one of the superfruits. 

The optimal dietary requirements of vitamin E for humans are not yet known, especially with the emergence of new paradigms regarding adequate levels of dietary micronutrients (Chalem, 1999). Recommendations in the United States and Canada have been reevaluated, and a new concept of Dietary Reference Intake (DRI, 2000) was issued for vitamin E and other antioxidants. The DRI recommendation should prevent specific deficiency disorders, support health in general ways and minimize the risk of toxicity, which carries more tasks than the previous recommendations (DRI, 2000). Accordingly, the recommendations for intakes were set to higher levels than previously. Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) for adults, both men and women, were set to 12 mg a-tocopherol/day, RDA to 15 mg/day and Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) to 1000 mg/day. Moreover, the EAR and RDA are based only on the 2R-stereoisomeric forms of a-tocopherol, because the other vitamers... 

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