Dietary dry matter

Reports suggest that feeding lipid sources rich in linoleic and linolenic acids either as seeds or free oil increases the CLA content of milk when oil is accessible to the rumen microorganisms for biohydrogenation (Dhiman et al., 2000). The scientists found that supplementing the dietary dry matter with 2% or 4% soybean resulted in a 237% or 314% increase in CLA content of milk compared with the control. 

The trace element concentration of dietary dry matter consumed is a good indicator of the trace element supply of humans with mixed or vegetarian diets. The trace element concentration of the consumed dry matter does not vary with dry matter intake, which is influenced by gender, age, season and eating habits (Anke et al. 1997a). 

Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) of Cu, 17-18% of the DRI of K, P, and Fe, and between 5 and 13% of the DRI of Zn, Mg, and Mn (Table 5.1). Potatoes are generally not rich in Ca, but can be a valuable source of trace elements, such as Se and I, if fertilized appropriately (Eurola et al., 1989 Poggi et al., 2000 Turakainen et al., 2004 Broadley et al., 2006). Moreover, since potato tubers have relatively high concentrations of organic compounds that stimulate the absorption of mineral micronutrients by humans, such as ascorbate (vitamin C), protein cysteine and various organic and amino acids (USDA, 2006), and low concentrations of compounds that limit their absorption, such as phytate (0.11-0.27% dry matter Frossard et al., 2000 Phillippy et al., 2004) and oxalate (0.03% dry matter Bushway et al., 1984), the bioavailability of mineral elements in potatoes is potentially high. 

Total dietary fiber (TDF) content of potato dry matter is determined according to the AACC (2000) method 32-05 following the total dietary fiber assay procedure (Megazyme k-TDFR 01/05). This is a gravimetric method that is simpler and faster than other analysis methods. In addition to total dietary fiber content, both soluble and insoluble dietary fiber content can be determined by this method. 

Carnitine is present in nearly all organisms and in all animal tissues. The highest concentration is found in muscle where it accounts for almost 0.1% of the dry matter. Carnitine was first isolated from meat extracts in 1905 but the first clue to its biological action was obtained in 1948 when Fraenkel and associates described a new dietary factor required by the mealworm, Tenebrio molitor. At first designated vitamin Bt, it was identified in 1952 as carnitine. Most organisms synthesize their own carnitine from lysine side chains (Eq. 24-30). 

Tamarind kernel powder has around 15 % dietary fibre and 14% crude protein. Crude lipid is around 8%, 4.5% ash and has a calorific value of 1511kj/100g dry matter. Total protein fractionation revealed that lOOg of seed flour yields around 7g protein, of which... 

Fatty Acids Synthesis, Elongation, and Desaturation. The main objective of feeding fats to animals is to provide a concentrated energy source, not to have the fat stored in the tissues. Recognized EFA requirements are no more than several percent of dry matter at the most, but the critical roles they play in maintaining the metabolic machinery has attracted the majority of current research on dietary fat utilization. 

Dogs and cats are carnivores that have adapted to also eating cooked cereal carbohydrates and oilseed proteins. Cats are the more obhgate carnivores, typically requiring higher protein content foods on a dry matter basis. Currently, they are the only domesticated animal for which a dietary essential level of taurine, an amino acid found mainly in meat, has been established. 

Cats have the capacity to tolerate and utilize high levels of dietary fat. Diets containing 25% fat have been selected over those containing 10-50%. Apparent digestibilities of 90% of fat (when fed at 10% of dry matter) and 97-99% (when fed at 25-50% of dry matter) have been reported. Fat in experimental diets has been raised to 64% of dry matter, without an increase in the proportion of fecal fat, indications of ketonuria, or significant pathological changes in the cardiovascular system. 

An increase in long-chain fatty acids in the diet increases their secretion in the milk and inhibits synthesis of short- and medium-chain fatty acids in mammary tissue. Added dietary fat and whole cottonseed decrease the protein content of milk by about 0.1%. Dry fats —calcium salts of fatty acids that are 82% fat content—and prilled (beadlet-form) fats have been introduced in recent years. These products are free-flowing and easy to mix with the ration, do not coat the fiber, and are not biohydrogenated in the rumen. It has been suggested that cows can be fed up to 15% of their requirements as fat, the equivalent of 6-7% of total dry matter (9). 

Linoleic acid (18 3 -6 and a-linolenic acid (18 3n-3) are metabolically essential fatty acids, but linoleic acid is the only essential fatty acid for which a dietary requirement has been established. Characteristic EFA deficiency symptoms observed in poultry include an increased need for water and decreased resistance to disease. A dietary requirement for linoleic acid has been set at 1% of diet dry matter. No major special considerations are mentioned for turkeys, ducks, ringnecked pheasants, Japanese quail, and bobwhite quail (16). 

Other methods used to decrease the recurrence of urolithiasis include dietary modifications that decrease calcium excretion and promote diuresis. Changing the diet from alfalfa to grass or oat hay decreases the calcium intake and should decrease the urinary excretion of calcium, since fecal calcium excretion is relatively constant in horses. Although this dietary change should decrease the total calcium excretion, it may also decrease the urinary excretion of nitrogen and the daily urine volume. The latter changes could enhance the supersaturation of urine. In theory, diuresis could be promoted further by the addition of loose salt (50-75 g per day) to the concentrate portion of the diet. However, in one study where ponies were fed sodium chloride (1, 3 or 5% of the total diet dry matter (1% is approximately 75 g sodium chloride for a 500 kg horse)), there were no differences in water intake, urine production or calcium excretion. 

DM = dry matter OM = organic matter CP = crude protein TDF = total dietary fiber, characteristics of soybeans from different origins when diets are formulated. 

Lead concentrations in different plants in Poland were up to 0.3 mg/kg fresh matter in vegetables (90% of samples), <0.1 mg/kg fresh matter in fruits (90% of samples), and >0.3 mg/kg fresh matter in cereals (25% of samples). In the Katowice Province, lead contents in vegetables (carrot, red beet, parsley, celery) varied between 0.50-280 mg/kg dry matter. Exposure to lead from vegetables was 1.5 mg/week per person. The results ranged between 4.8 4.0% of PTWI, whereas in the reference area these values amounted to 6.0% of PTWI for lead. The elimination of vegetables with high contents of lead in diet may reduce the dietary intake to 2.0-18.4% of PTWI (Gzyl, 1997). 

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