Dry matter intake

Phosphoric Acid. Cats generally consume about two-thirds as much water per unit of food dry matter intake as do dogs (21). This water... 

Fed diet for 21 days in which sediments (4.5 g Pb/kg DW) from a lake in northern Idaho contaminated with mining wastes was added to ground poultry ration at 8% dry matter intake, equivalent to about 550 mg Pb/kg DW ration... 

Bhatta, R., Krishnamoorthy, U. and Mohammed, F. (2000) Effect of feeding tamarind (Tamarindus indica) seed husk as a source of tannin on dry matter intake, digestibility of nutrients and production performance of crossbred dairy cows in mid-lactation. Animal Teed Science and Technology 83(1), 67-74. 

Relationships between trans-10, cz.y-12 CLA and milk fat synthesis have been examined. There is a curvilinear relationship between the reduction in milk fat yield and the abomasal infusion dose of trans-10, cis-12 CLA (Figure 3.4). Trans-10, cis-12 CLA is a very potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis in dairy cows a dose of 2.0 g/d (<0.01% of dry matter intake) reduced milk fat synthesis by 20%. Trans-10, cis-12 CLA is also incorporated into milk fat and in this case the relationship is linear (Figure 3.4) a summary of seven studies showed that the transfer efficiency of aboma-sally-infused trans-10, cis-12 CLA into milk fat averaged 22% (de Veth et al., 2004). The linear relationship in transfer to milk fat is remarkable when one considers that the yield of milk fat is simultaneously decreased as the abomasal dose of trans-10, cis-12 CLA is increased. This suggests that the mechanisms which coordinate the CLA-induced decrease in the use of preformed fatty acids for milk fat synthesis have a less pronounced effect on the mammary uptake and incorporation of trans-10, cis-12 CLA into milk fat, but the basis for this difference is unknown. 

Figure 5. Relationships between milk production, dry matter intake, body weight, and mean energy balance of dairy cows during a typical lactation cycle. Reprinted with permission from Ref. 9.

Socha and Satter (28) conducted a study to determine the production response of early lactation cows fed either solvent-extracted soybean meal, raw soybeans, extruded whole soybeans, or roasted soybeans with alfalfa silage as the sole forage source. They reported that dry matter intakes were lower for cows on the raw and roasted soybean treatments. Cows on the extruded soybean diet produced more milk, milk protein, and more 3.5% fat-corrected milk than cows fed the other diets. Body weight changes and body condition scores did not differ among the various treatments. 

In a comparison, Lee et al. (2003) reported that ruminal synthesis of RA and VA was higher in steers fed red or white clover silage than grass silage. However, dry matter intakes were markedly different among experimental... 

A product from brown seaweed, Ascophyllum nodosum, has been shown to reduce E. coli 0157 shedding when fed at 2% dry matter intake in challenge studies (Bach et ah, 2008) and in feedlot trials (Braden et ah, 2004). The brown seaweed product also increased carcass marbling scores (Braden et ah, 2007) and although the antimicrobial extract of brown seaweed phlorotannin did reduce starch fermentation at high levels in vivo (Wang et ah, 2008), no effect on lamb growth was observed (Bach et ah, 2008). 

The trace element concentration of dietary dry matter consumed is a good indicator of the trace element supply of humans with mixed or vegetarian diets. The trace element concentration of the consumed dry matter does not vary with dry matter intake, which is influenced by gender, age, season and eating habits (Anke et al. 1997a). 

Figure 3. Effect of the quantity of ingested amino acid on the ileal flow of amino acids, at a constant level of dry matter intake.

FAduo is the duodenal flow of fatty acids (% dry matter intake) and FAfeed is the fatty acids content in the feed materials (% dry matter intake). The intestinal digestibility of fatty acids was assumed to be 75%. 

Lactation responses to dietary fat supplementation have been variable and have been dependent on fat source, stage of lactation, and dry matter intake (Coppoek and Wilks, 1991). 

Several studies have examined the effects of PA supplementation on milk FA profile. Grummer (1991) demonstrated that de novo FA synthesis decreased linearly as supplementation of dietary fat increased, and that the changes in stearic acid and PA were dependent on the ratio in the added fat. Steele and Moore (1968) reported reductions in yield and concentration of short and medium-chain FAs (from butyric to myristic acids) and dramatic increases in PA with increased dietary intake of PA the concentration of PA in milk increased from 38.7% of total FA in controls to 60.7% of total FA in cows supplemented with PA. Noble et al. (1969) reported similar changes in milk FAs when diet was supplemented with PA at 10%, they foimd that short- and medium-chain FAs decreased when compared with a no-fat control, while milk PA increased from 36.4% of total FA in controls to 49.8% of total FA in PA-treated cows. Banks et al. (1976) also observed decreases in short- and medium-chain FAs in milk, with increases observed in concentrations of PA, palmitoleic, and oleic acids. Using duodenal infusions of 500 g of PA, Enjalbert et al. (2000) reported that concentrations of PA in milk increased 30% compared with controls. Mosley et al. (2007) determined the optimmn feeding level of a by-product rich in PA (86.6%) on dry matter intake, milk yield, milk components, and milk FA profile in dairy cattle. They formd that milk FA concentrations were affected by the addition of this by-product. As the intake of PA increased with the supplemented diets, milk PA concentrations increased. When 1.5 kg/d of this by-product was consumed, milk PA concentration increased by 50% compared with the... 

In the example presented in Box 10.1 the food in question was forage and could be offered to the animals as the only ration component. Concentrate foods and fat supplements, however, may cause digestive disturbances if given alone to ruminants, and their digestibility is often determined by giving them in combination with forage of known digestibihty.Thus, the hay in the example in Box 10.1 could have been used in a second trial in which the sheep also received 0.50 kg oats per day. If the dry matter content of the oats was 900 g/kg, then daily dry matter intake would increase by... 

For example, if an animal is given 10 g of chromic oxide per day and the concentration of indicator in the faeces is 4 g/kg DM, then faeces output would be calculated as 10/4 = 2.5 kg DM/day. If food intake is known, then dry matter digestibility could be calculated as (dry matter intake — faecal DM output)/DM intake. Alternatively, if DM digestibility is known, then dry matter intake could be calculated as faecal DM output/DM digestibility. The n-alkane technique is very useful in this context. As plants contain mainly odd-chain n-alkanes in their waxy cuticle, even-chain (C32) n-alkanes can be used as an external indicator to determine faecal output. At the same time, the odd-chain n-alkanes (C35) can be used to estimate diet digestibility. Dry matter intake can then be estimated in group-fed or grazing animals. 

The relative proportions of silage and dairy concentrate required to satisfy the energy requirements within the constraint of dry matter intake can be calculated using the following equation ... 

Rate of passage increases with increased dry matter intake and is thereby affected by a number of animal and environmental factors ... 

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