Dietary additives

Nonnutrient Additives. Nonnutritional dietary additives provide antioxidants to preserve freshness, flavor enhancers to stimulate food selection, color to meet the owner s expectations, pellet biaders to minimi2e fine particles, mycostats to minimi2e mold growth, and iagredient-flow enhancers. Pet foods do not iaclude coccidiostats, antibiotics, added hormonal materials, and fly-larval iasecticides used ia other animal feeds. 

Drugs and Dietary Additives, Their Use in Animal Produetion and Potential Environmental Consequenees... 

Thus the requirement for the use of man-made drugs and dietary additives as veterinary medicines for the treatment of farmed animals is considerable and worth about 100 million pounds sterling annually in the UK ( 104 million in 1994j io jjjg investment in dietary additives such as vitamins, trace minerals, coccidiostats, pigmenters, enzymes and other probiotics to feed compounders in the UK is worth about 110 million, assuming an addition rate of 2.5 kg per tonne and a cost of approximately 3% of the total concentrate dietary cost (calculated from MAFF data, 1995). ° These data can be increased by a factor of about 10 when the compound feed produced within Europe is considered. 

Some of these compounds could be considered as dietary additives, but various other terms, including pesticides, can also be used. They can have beneficial effects on the environment and this aspect will be discussed later. The ionophore monensin, which is an alicyclic polyether (Figure 1), is a secondary metabolite of Streptomyces and aids the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry. Monensin is used as a growth promoter in cattle and also to decrease methane production, but it is toxic to equine animals. " Its ability to act as an ionophore is dependent on its cyclic chelating effect on metal ions. ° The hormones bovine somatotropin (BST) and porcine somatotropin (PST), both of which are polypeptides, occur naturally in lactating cattle and pigs, respectively, but can also be produced synthetically using recombinant DNA methods and administered to such animals in order to increase milk yields and lean meat production. "... 

A wide variety of animal species are subjected to the administration of drugs during their lifetime.The various animal species can encounter drugs and other dietary additives by different routes and this is dependent on the environment in which they are kept. Intensively reared animals tend to have considerable consistency in the components of their diets and thus are much less likely to encounter the range of naturally produced compounds that extensively produced animals encounter. The desire for less expensive dietary constituents and increased efficiency of use has induced feed manufacturers and producers to add enzyme supplements to diets of most farmed animals to reduce the negative effects of indigestible dietary carbohydrates, refactory proteins and unavailable minerals such as phosphorus. This use of dietary additives to improve nutrient utilization and environmental consequences of feeding animals intensively has been the subject of intense research activity in the last five years. " The... 

Dietary additives can affect the microbiota that are associated with the faeces of animals and degradation of the faeces may be impaired because of the influence of the excretory products on insects, microbes and fungi. The microbiota in the soil and waste material may be affected, thus altering the fertility of the pasture and sustainability of other wildlife. These microbiota can be used as dietary ingredients for animals, so inhibition of their production would be an unsatisfactory consequence of dietary additives. ... 

In addition to unadulterated creatine monohydrate, special formulations of the supplement are available in the U.S. market which may include supplemental phosphates, amino acids, carbohydrates, and other dietary additives. There have also been laboratory reports of creatine that has been altered during the manufacturing process with other unlabeled and potentially harmful substances. 

However, whole soybeans may have adverse effects on the carcass fat of broilers. A standard recommendation is that the soybean product should be limited to supplying a dietary addition of 20g/kg soybean oil in order to ensure an acceptable carcass fat quality and good pellet quality. This may require that the incorporation rate of soybeans in the feed of finishing broilers should not exceed lOOg/kg. 

Laughton MJ, Evans PJ, Moroney MA, et al, Inhibition of mammalian 5-lipoxygenase by flavonoids and phenolic dietary additives, Relationship to antioxidant activity and iron ion-reducing ability. Biochem Pharmacol 1991 42 1 673-1 681. 

Influence Of Dietary Additions On Tween 60 Toxicity In Rats (Six rats per group)... 

Influence Of Dietary Addition On Weight Gain In Rats Fed 5% Sodium Cyclamate... 

In the first comparison 12 lacto-ovo-vegetarians who participated in several different nutritional studies were pair matched by age, sex, size, weight and ethnic background to 12 omnivore subjects who participated in the same studies. All subjects consumed a laboratory controlled vegetarian diet based on peanut butter, milk, bread, fruits and vegetables for 21 to 28 days. While several different experimental treatments in the form of dietary additives were employed in these studies, only data from the control period when no further experimental variables were employed were used in this comparison. 

Kostial K, Durakovic A, Simonovic I, et al. 1969a. The effect of some dietary additives on calcium and strontium absorption in suckling and lactating rats. Int J Radiat Biol 15(6) 563-570. 

Fig. 11. ACAT activity in the intestine under conditions of varying cholesterol flux and demand in the villus cells of rat intestine. ACAT activity was measured in animals administered various dietary additions as described in Fig. 6. ACAT activity was then measured in villus cells obtained both from the jejunum (panel A) and ileum (panel B). The column and bars represent the means +1 S.E.M.

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA, (18)) is a major secretory product of the adrenal cortex [188] which ameliorates several metabolic abnormalities found in obese, insulin-resistant rodents. The first metabolic alteration was noted in mice carrying the viable yellow (genetic obesity) mutation [ 189] where a 0.2% dietary addition or oral administration (150-500 mg/kg, three times per week, 28 weeks) of DHEA reduced weight gain with no alteration in food consumption. Decreased accumulation of carcass triacylglycerol and decreased... 

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