Epoxidised oil

Mention has already been made of epoxide stabilisers. They are of two classes and are rarely used alone. The first class are the epoxidised oils, which are commonly employed in conjunction with the cadmium-barium systems. The second class are the conventional bis-phenol A epoxide resins (see Chapter 22). Although rarely employed alone, used in conjunction with a trace of zinc octoate (2 parts resin, 0.1 part octoate) compounds may be produced with very good heat stability. 

Certain higher phthalates are also available. For example, ditridecyl phthaiate and di-isodecyl phthaiate are used in high-temperature cable insulation, the former having the better high-temperature properties. Because of its greater hydrocarbon nature than DIOP, di-isodecyl phthaiate has lower water extract-ability and is used, for example, with epoxidised oils in baby-pants. 

These materials differ from the previous class of resin in that the basic structure of these molecules consists of long chains whereas the cyclic aliphatics contain ring structures. Three subgroups may be distinguished, epoxidised diene polymers, epoxidised oils, and polyglycol diepoxides. 

The epoxidised oils are seldom used in a cross-linked form as the products are rather soft and leathery. Exceptions to this are their occasional use as diluents for more viscous resins and some applications in adhesive formulations. 

Shepherd and Gilbert [812] have used SEC analyses with 50-, 100- and 500-A gel columns of TNPP and epoxidised oil (HC1 scavenger) extracted from PVC sheeting that was subjected to a controlled heat treatment. They were able to identify rapid breakdown of the hydrolytically unstable TNPP at 170 °C... 

Epoxidised oils (with isolated double bonds), such as epoxidised soybean are used as plasticisers. The natural occurrence of epoxidised fatty acids could be exploited to reduce processing costs on the pathway to polymerisation. For example, seed oils derived from Vernonia galamensis and Euphorbia lagascae both contain significant proportions (60-80%) of the epoxy acid vemolic acid, with interesting applications in greases and polyurethane applications (Turley et al., 2000). 

Plasticiser Soften polymer, reduce Tg Separates polymer chains from each other Phthalate esters, aliphatic diesters, epoxidised oils, phosphate esters, polyesters... 

M. Oki, N. Wutche (2004). Epoxidised oil from the seed of Jathropha plant/ -butyl amine as corrosion inhibitor for aluminium. Journal of Corrosion Science and Technology 1.1, P- 72. 

Polymers obtained from natural products or from their immediate derivatives such as vegetable oil, modified epoxidised oils, transesterified oils, heated oil, monoglyceride and diethanol amide or fatty acids of vegetable oils, cashew nut seed liquid (CNSL) and derivatised polymers, are bioderived polymers. " The details of vegetable oil-based polymers are the subject matter of this book and hence are discussed in detail in subsequent chapters. 

The epoxy resins are usually synthesised by direct reaction of the aromatic and or aliphatic diols and epichlorohydrin through polycondensation reaction. Epoxidised oil is generally synthesised by in situ peroxidation with organic and inorganic peroxides, with halohydrins and molecular oxygen. However, the epoxidation of an unsaturated moiety that has electron deficient double bonds with halohydrins is not environmentally friendly. 

The synthesis, characterisation and properties evaluation of four different epoxy resins of monoglyceride of Mesua ferrea L. seed oil with or without BPA, with a combination of BPA and BPS, and with a combination of BPA and TBPA and epoxidised oil have been reported. The synthesised epoxidised oil and the epoxy resins were characterised by measurements of physical properties like epoxy value, hydroxyl value, viscosity and specific gravity and other characterisation techniques such as FTIR, FI NMR, XRD and SEM analyses, and confirmed the formation vegetable oil-based glycedyl ether-type epoxies. The performance characteristics, such as... 

Although, the most preferred acids for this purpose are formic and acetic acids because of their ready availability at a relatively low price in liquid form at room temperature. The order of reactivity of some of the peracids is m-chloroperbenzoic > performic > perbenzoic > peracetic. The presence of electron withdrawing groups promotes the reaction. More work has been published on the synthesis of epoxidised oil by peracetic acid than of any other organic peracid. As a typical example, the procedure for the first... 

R is the mixture of hydrocarbon parts of different fatty adds present in the trigiyceride 7.2 Preparation of epoxidised oil by the in situ peracid method. 

Acrylated epoxidised soybean oil (AESO) (Rg. 7.6) is synthesised from the reaction of acrylic acid with epoxidised triglycerides. Similarly malein-ated hydroxylated soybean oil (Rg. 7.6) can be obtained by the reaction of epoxidised oil with maleic anhydride. 

Monomethyl maleic ester of epoxidised soybean oil (MESO) is prepared by the reaction of epoxidised oil with monomethyl maleate with AMC-2 catalyst. (AMC-2 is a mixture of 50% trivalent organic chromium complexes and 50% phthalate esters). This MESO is photo-polymerised with ultraviolet light and free radically homopolymerised and copolymerised with styrene, vinyl acetate and methylmethacrylate. MESO may also be reacted with maleic anhydride at the newly formed hydroxyl groups to give maleinised MESO. Thus a large number of resinous systems may be made from the epoxidised oil. 

High molecular weight liquid epoxy resins from modified vegetable oils such as epoxidised soybean, rapeseed, linseed and sunflower oils, as well as from hydroxylated soybean and rapeseed oils have also been prepared. Reactions of (i) epoxidised oils, with bisphenol-A and (ii) bisphenol-A-based epoxy resin with hydroxylated natural oils in the presence of different catalysts such as LiCl, 2-methylimidazole, triphenylphosphine and triethanolamine at 130-160 C (depending on the catalyst type) under nitrogen, produce the required epoxy resins as shown in Rg. 7.7. ... 

The thermal stability of both systems decreases with the addition of epoxidised oil, although the coefficient of thermal expansion increased in a Unear manner. This may enhance the degree of freedom in the segmental motion of polymer chains in the network structure. 

The FTIR analysis of typical epoxy resins such as epoxidised oil, monoglyceride-based glycidyl ether epoxy, monoglyceride and bisphenol-A-based... 

---