Neural crest development

Central nervous system patterning Placode development Neural crest formation... 

Jiang X, Rowitch DH, Soriano P, McMahon AP, Sucov HM (2000) Fate of the mammalian cardiac neural crest. Development 127 1607-1616... 

Huszar, D Sharpe, A., and Jaenisch, R. (1991a). Migration and proliferation of cultured neural crest cells in W mutant neural crest chimeras. Development 112 131-141. 

Jaenisch, R. (1985). Mammalian neural crest cells participate in normal embryonic development on microinjection into postimplantation embryos. Nature 318 181— 183. 

Porter, S. )., and Meyer, C. J. (1994). A distal tyrosinase upstream element stimulates gene expression in neural-crest-derived melanocytes of transgenic mice position-independent and mosaic expression. Development 120 2103-2111. 

Serbedzija, G. N., Fraser, S. E., and Bronner-Fraser, M. (1990). Pathways of trunk neural crest cell migration in the mouse embryo as revealed by vital dye labelling. Development 108 605-612. 

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) play critical roles in all facets of nervous system development and maintenance. Important phenomena in which CAMs are involved include initial formation of the neural tube and the neural crest, migration of all neurons and glial cells, axonal outgrowth and guidance, target selection, synaptic stabilization and plasticity, myelination and nerve regeneration after injury (see Chs 4,24,28-30 and 53). Adhesion molecules interact with each other and with nonadhesive cell-surface and/or cytoplasmic molecules, and, in the two... 

NT3 plays an earlier role in development than other neurotrophin family members. It sustains progenitor cells of the neural crest, which then give rise to sympathetic and sensory ganglia, as well as a number of other... 

The second family of secreted proteins that is covalently lipidated is the family of Wnt proteins. They are also involved in numerous processes like proliferation of stem cells, specification of the neural crest, and the expanding of specific cell types. The correct regulation of this pathway is important for animal development. Willert and coworkers were the first to isolate an active Wnt molecule. Mass spectroscopy studies carried out with the isolated protein revealed that cysteine 93 is palmitoylated. Mutating this amino acid to alanine led to almost complete loss of the signaling activity. Later in 2006, a second lipidation was found on a serine in Wnt3a. " In this case, the hydroxyl side chain is acylated with palmitoleic acid. This unsaturated fatty acid seems to be crucial for the progression of the protein through the secretory pathway. The attachment of two different lipid chains may therefore serve different functions. ... 

Ishii M, Merrill AE, Chan YS, Gitelman I, Rice DPC, Sucov HM and Maxson RE Jr (2003) Msx2 and Twist cooperatively control the development of the neural crest-derived skeletogenic mesenchyme of the murine skull vault. Development 130 6131-6142. 

PK1 has recently been detected in the mucosa/mesenchyme of mouse embryonic gut. It modulates both proliferation and differentiation of enteric neural crest cells (NCC) during enteric nervous system development, which eventually contribute to the formation of the myenteric and submucosal enteric plexus of the bowel. Hence, PK1 may be useful to patients exhibiting congenital colonic aganglionosis also known as Hirschprung disease (Ngan et al., 2007, 2008). 

Choi DS, Ward SJ, Messaddeq N, Launay JM, Maroteaux L. 5-HT2B receptor-mediated serotonin morphogenetic functions in mouse cranial neural crest and myocardiac cells. Development 1997 124 1745-1755. 

The neural crest cells as they pinch off from the neuroectoderm, migrate through the embryonic body in a sea of HA.46 When these cells reach their particular destination, hyaluronidases remove the HA, and cell migration then ceases. In embryology, as parenchymal glands develop, HA can... 

Silani, V., Bonifati, C., Buscaglia, M., Sampietro, A., Ghezzi, C., and Scarlato, G. (1993). Ganglioside GM1 expression during human spinal cord and neural crest development. 

As mentioned previously, myelination is carried out by highly specialized glial cells, oligodendrocytes in the CNS and Schwann cells in the PNS. These cells differentiate from precursor cells of different origin during development the neural crest for Schwann cells, and neural tube for oligodendrocytes. Myelin characteristics differ morphologically in the CNS and in the PNS, and differ also inside the CNS. Thus... 

The phenotype of homozygous double-null mutant RAR mice demonstrates the crucial role of RARs in the development of the mesenchyme. These mice have malformations of the mesenchymal neural crest and a dramatically reduced viability and life expectancy. Since the appearance of neural crest cells (NCCs) coincided with the emergence of vertebrates, it was reasoned that RARs may have co-evolved with NCCs and that RARs and vertebrates have appeared together. Along this line, a major role is ascribed to RARs in the modification of old ancestral developmental programmes. Such modifications are crucial for the development of new structures in the course of evolution and are indispensable for the appearance of vertebrates. 

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